Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
Tested in peopleGet notified when the evidence changes.
It has been tested in people, but it is not an approved medicine. The studies are usually small.
Compiled and reviewed by the PeptideSearch Editorial Team · Status checked 2026-09-04
Also called NMN / beta-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide / MIB-626
A vitamin B3 relative the body turns into NAD+. Sold as a capsule or powder. Tested in people for walking speed, sleep and blood sugar.
The body turns nicotinamide mononucleotide into NAD+, so the two are often talked about as one thing. They are separate molecules, given in different ways: see what the research shows on NAD+.
Nicotinamide riboside is the other common building block sold for the same purpose. It has its own separate trials: see what the research shows on Nicotinamide Riboside.
The basics
- What is it?
- A close relative of vitamin B3. The body converts it into NAD+, the fuel-handling molecule inside cells. It is usually swallowed.
- What do we know?
- Several small placebo-controlled trials in older adults report higher blood NAD levels, and single trials report better walking speed or sleep.
- What do we still not know?
- Whether any of those short-term changes add up to living better or longer. The trials are small, brief and mostly in one age group.
Official status: Not nominated for 503A compounding · Checked 2026-09-04
Can a doctor prescribe this?
- Small pharmacy (503A)
- Never put forward to FDA
- Large outsourcing facility (503B)
- Never put forward to FDA
Not an FDA-approved medicine. It is sold as a dietary supplement, and the FDA has said it does not accept it as a lawful supplement ingredient because it has been studied as a drug. That is a separate legal question from pharmacy compounding, which it has never been put forward for.
503A is a pharmacy making a single prescription for one patient. 503B is a facility making batches. They are governed by separate lists. Where a category is shown, it is a position on the FDA's list of substances that have been put forward and are still being worked through — not the final list, which is set by rulemaking. Category 1 means the FDA does not plan to act against a pharmacy that makes it while the review runs.
What happens next
A reading of the FDA nominated-substance lists and the FDA position on NMN as a supplement ingredient before any status is published.
Supplement rules and pharmacy compounding rules are different laws. Neither answer should be guessed from the other.
Doses used in research
Taken word for word from the studies and trials listed on this page. This is not a recommendation and not a dose for anyone to take.
- Study in peopleThe differential impact of three different NAD<sup>+</sup> boosters on circulatory NAD and microbial metabolism in humans.
Head-to-head comparison of NAD+, nicotinamide riboside and nicotinamide mononucleotide. Shared row: also listed on the other two pages, so do not add human totals across pages.
Nature metabolism · 2026
- Study in peopleNicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Augmentation in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Randomized Trial Study Protocol.
Kidney international reports · 2026
- Study in peopleAssociation between blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and blood laboratory parameters at baseline and after nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation in middle-aged healthy individuals: post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
GeroScience · 2026
- Study in peopleLow-dose oral nicotinamide mononucleotide for immune thrombocytopenia: a phase 1/2 trial.
Nature medicine · 2026
- Study in peopleEffect of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Retinal Thickness of Older Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study.
Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2026
- Study in peopleSafety and Exploratory Efficacy of Reduced β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Calcium Salt (NMNH-Ca) in Healthy Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
2026
- Study in peopleThe effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone and nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on interoception following acute exhaustive exercise: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Scientific reports · 2026
- Study in peopleAnti-inflammatory effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in human skeletal muscle after BFR-exercise.
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026
- Study in peopleSublingual NMN administration increases early circulating terminal catabolites 2PY and 4PY compared with oral administration in healthy adult men.
Scientific reports · 2026
- Study in peopleIngestion of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide increased blood NAD levels, maintained walking speed, and improved sleep quality in older adults in a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled study.
GeroScience · 2024
- Study in peopleMIB-626, an Oral Formulation of a Microcrystalline Unique Polymorph of β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, Increases Circulating Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and its Metabolome in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.
The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2023
- Study in peopleEffects of nicotinamide mononucleotide on older patients with diabetes and impaired physical performance: A prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.
Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2023
- Study in peopleNicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Augmentation in Overweight or Obese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Physiologic Study.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023
- Study in peopleNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Scientific reports · 2023
- Study in peopleThe efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial.
GeroScience · 2023
- Study in peopleEffect of oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men.
Endocrine journal · 2020
- Data from people, not a trialLeucocytes are a major source of circulating nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)/pre-B cell colony (PBEF)/visfatin linking obesity and inflammation in humans.
Diabetologia · 2011
- Animal study, larger animalsA sequence motif enables widespread use of noncanonical redox cofactors in natural enzymes.
Nature chemical biology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) Prevents Age-Associated Transcriptional Drift in a Tissue-Dependent Manner: Mechanistic Leads From Ras-Related Protein Rab-11A-Mediated Trafficking and Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 2-Linked Fatty Acid Oxidation.
Cureus · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNicotinamide Mononucleotide Improves High-Fat Diet-Induced Myocardial Damage of Aging Mice through the Sirt3/PINK1/Parkin Signaling Pathway.
The Journal of nutrition · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceReal-Time Two-Photon Imaging of Brain Endothelial NAD+ Metabolism in Mice.
Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNMN Can Restore Ovarian Reserve in Aged Mice by Upregulating NAD<sup>+</sup>/SIRT1/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway and TOMM20 Expression, and Improve in Vitro Development of Aging Oocytes.
Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceInvestigating the effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide administration on testicular apoptosis, and mitochondrial function in doxorubicin-treated rats.
Molecular biology reports · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceEnhancing the anti-ageing capacity of hUC-MSCs via NMN co-treatment in D-galactose-induced ageing mice and cellular senescence models.
Mechanisms of ageing and development · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceSex Dimorphism of NAD +De Novo Biosynthesis Mediates Sex-Biased Susceptibility to Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceInvestigation of the effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide on kidney damage in rats with cecal ligation and perforation sepsis model.
Acta cirurgica brasileira · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceβ-Nicotinamide mononucleotide reduces aflatoxin B1 induced liver injury via the gut microbiota-bile acid-farnesoid X receptor (FXR/NR1H4) axis.
British journal of pharmacology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceThe combination of Anoectochilus roxburghii and Danggui-Niantong decoction ameliorates hyperuricemia by regulating NAD<sup>+</sup> metabolism and urate transport in rats.
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNicotinamide Mononucleotide Restores Pancreatic β-Cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes through SIRT6-HIF-1α-Mediated Mitochondrial Stress Adaptation and Glycolytic Reprogramming
2026
- Animal study, rats or miceSenescence-associated metabolic alterations aggravate calcific aortic valve disease.
European heart journal · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNicotinamide mononucleotide combined glucose counteracts iron overload induced mitochondrial dysfunction in mice under hypobaric hypoxia.
Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNicotinamide Mononucleotide Ameliorates Myocardial Fibrosis in Diabetic Mice Possibly by Modulating SIRT3 to Deacetylate GSK3β and Thereby Reducing the Phosphorylation of Smad3.
Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceSleep-wake and circadian behavior in brain-specific sirtuin 1 knockout mice and effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation.
Scientific reports · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceElamipretide (SS-31) and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) Combination Therapy Targets TREM2 to Mitigate Post-ischemic Brain Injury in Mice.
Neurochemical research · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNicotinamide Mononucleotide Ameliorates Nano-Aluminum Oxide-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Ferroptosis via the GSH/GPX4 Axis.
Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceCPT2-Linked Fatty Acid Oxidation and Autophagy Nodes Connect NMN-Responsive Transcriptional Programs to Schizophrenia Biology
2026
- Animal study, rats or miceHepatic Hamp restoration contributes to nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)-alleviated hepatic steatosis in chronic alcohol-fed mice.
Communications biology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNAD<sup>+</sup> metabolism influences TGF-β-associated transcriptional programs and the gut microbiota in murine models of colitis.
Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceBioactive chitosaan-nicotinamide mononucleotide-naringin composite scaffolds for enhanced maxillofacial bone regeneration.
Journal of biomaterials applications · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceAging disrupts cumulus–oocyte NAD⁺ homeostasis
2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation modulates gut microbiota and metabolites to mitigate Alzheimer's disease pathology in APP/PS1 mice.
Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceFetal hypoxia causes oocyte oxidative stress damage via the Sirt3/Sod2 pathway and can be alleviated by nicotinamide mononucleotide.
Zoological research · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceBazi Bushen attenuates musculoskeletal degeneration in Ercc1<sup>+/-</sup> mice.
Experimental gerontology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceEffects of testosterone on adenosine triphosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels, and on nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylytransfersee activity, in the ventral prostate of castrated rats.
Molecular pharmacology · 1968
- Animal study, larger animalsThe requirement for bivalent cations in formation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase of pig-liver nuclei.
The Biochemical journal · 1966
- Animal study, rats or miceThe activities of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase and of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide kinase in the livers of rats subjected to different hormonal treatments.
The Biochemical journal · 1965
- Animal study, larger animalsAdenosine triphosphate-nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase of pig-liver nuclei. Extraction and purification of the enzyme.
The Biochemical journal · 1964
- Animal study, larger animalsNicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase of pig-liver nuclei. The effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide concentration and pH on dinucleotide synthesis.
The Biochemical journal · 1961
- Lab dish studyNicotinamide mononucleotide ameliorates high glucose/high fat-induced cardiomyocyte metabolic dysfunction through SIRT1-mediated CPT1A stabilization.
Molecular biology reports · 2026
- Lab dish studyNicotinamide Mononucleotide Attenuates Inflammatory Activation, Choroidal Neovascularization, and Lesion-Associated Remodeling.
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026
- Lab dish studypH-responsive chitosan-based nanoparticles for targeted delivery of nicotinamide mononucleotide in acute kidney injury therapy.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces · 2026
- Lab dish studyMembrane-camouflaged liposomes Co-delivering L-Arg and NMN for reprogramming macrophage nitric oxide metabolism in atherosclerosis.
Journal of biomaterials applications · 2026
- Lab dish studyNMN alleviates oxidative stress damage in alopecia areata by activating SIRT7 and promoting glutamine metabolism.
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms · 2026
- Lab dish studyActivation of the NAD⁺–Sirtuin Axis Protects Against Chronic Doxorubicin-Induced Subclinical Renal Tubular Injury Through Restoration of Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Suppression of Inflammation
2026
- Lab dish studyNicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) improves the ovarian microenvironment associated with oocyte quality by increasing estrogen signaling, reprogramming ovarian metabolism, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting apoptosis in the spotted scat (Scatophagus argus).
Theriogenology · 2026
- Lab dish studyMetformin-restricted motility of an NRF2-activated lung cancer cell line involves NAD+ depletion, rather than AMPK- or BACH1 signaling.
Scientific reports · 2026
- Lab dish studyNMN mitigates LPS-induced liver injury by inhibiting ferroptosis via suppression of the cGAS-STING-ACSL4 axis.
Pharmacological research · 2026
- Lab dish studyThe presence of microplastics in human semen and the protective role of nicotinamide mononucleotide against polystyrene nanoplastics-induced reproductive and early embryonic toxicity.
Journal of hazardous materials · 2026
- Lab dish studySynthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide by human erythrocytes in vitro.
The Journal of biological chemistry · 1951
- Studied in plants, bacteria or fungi, not animalsDevelopment of a noncanonical redox cofactor platform in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Metabolic engineering · 2026
- Studied in plants, bacteria or fungi, not animalsContinuous production of nicotinamide mononucleotide by engineered Escherichia coli: effect of dilution rate and glucose feeding.
Bioprocess and biosystems engineering · 2026
- Lab test method, not a health studyBiosensor-driven adaptive laboratory evolution and modular pathway engineering for high-level production of nicotinamide mononucleotide in yeast.
Bioresource technology · 2026
- Lab test method, not a health studySpatiotemporal biosensor profiling reveals an autonomous mitochondrial NAD <sup>+</sup> /NMN regulatory network centered on NMNAT3
2026
- Hypothesis, not a tested studyNMN/NAD<sup>+</sup> enhances SIRT2-modulated microtubule dynamics to improve mitochondrial and mitophagy functions in senescent cells.
Autophagy · 2026
- New mechanistic insight into SARM1 activation: TRIM32-mediated ubiquitination is a key lever that actuates SARM1's catalytic action, leading to axon degeneration and cell death.
Frontiers in neural circuits · 2026
- Autophagy-Related Gene-Set Signals in the Genetic Architecture of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Hypothesis-Generating Link to Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Associated Cellular Maintenance Biology.
Cureus · 2026
- Nicotinamide mononucleotide alleviates the streptozotocin-mediated ferroptosis of islet β-cells via the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway.
Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas · 2026
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedNicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) - Related Polyneuropathy - An Unusual Symptom, and a Rare Disease.
Neurology India · 2026
- Nicotinamide mononucleotide potentiates the anti-tumor efficacy of CAR-NK cell therapy targeting MSLN in ovarian cancer.
Cancer gene therapy · 2026
- A minimal three-arm oral regimen for healthspan: mechanistic alignment with transcriptomic signals from a large parental-lifespan GWAS.
Frontiers in aging · 2026
- A rapid HPLC-based method to determine NAD(P)(H) and NMN redox cofactor concentrations and ratios in microbes
2026
- Preliminary evaluation of NMN reprotoxicity using human sperm assay
2026
- Beyond Nano-Delivery: Synerjet-Assisted Transdermal Delivery of Nano-Formulated Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (Nano-NMN) for Comprehensive Skin Rejuvenation
2026
- Green manufacturing synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide: Pathways, catalysts, and prospects.
Bioorganic chemistry · 2026
- A Minimal Two-State Allosteric Dimer Model for SARM1 Regulation and Paradoxical Activation by Orthosteric Inhibitors
2026
- DHDDS-related juvenile parkinsonism is caused by impaired lipid metabolism, glycosylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which can be rescued by NAD⁺ treatment
2026
- β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide prevents senescence and lipid accumulation in hepatic stellate cells by restoring SIRT1 function.
Chemico-biological interactions · 2026
- Stabilization of high internal phase emulsions by chitooligosaccharide‑sodium tripolyphosphate complexes: Application in enhancing stability and bioaccessibility of nicotinamide mononucleotide and Antarctic krill oil.
Food chemistry · 2026
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedNicotinamide mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity in animal tissues.
The Journal of biological chemistry · 1966
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedNicotinamide mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity in ascites cell extracts.
Nature · 1965
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedNicotinamide mononucleotide activation of new DNA-dependent polyadenylic acid synthesizing nuclear enzyme.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 1963
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedEnzymatic synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide.
The Journal of biological chemistry · 1957
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedA method for the purification of nicotinamide mononucleotide.
Archives of biochemistry and biophysics · 1954
- Review of earlier workThe impact of nicotinamide mononucleotide on ovarian health: A comprehensive literature review of preclinical evidence and therapeutic potential.
Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine · 2026
- Review of earlier workNicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase 1 and NAD<sup>+</sup> Homeostasis in Neuroprotection and Aging.
Metabolites · 2026
- Review of earlier workPathway-Informed Stratification of Major Depression: Links to NMN-Rescued Aging Programs in Mitochondrial Metabolism and Trafficking
2026
- Review of earlier workA Staged Translational Framework for Evaluating Oral Glutamatergic and Senescence-Modulating Strategies in Treatment-Resistant Depression.
Drug design, development and therapy · 2026
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