NAD+
Tested in peopleGet notified when the evidence changes.
It has been tested in people, but it is not an approved medicine. The studies are usually small.
Compiled and reviewed by the PeptideSearch Editorial Team · Status checked 2026-05-14
Also called NAD / Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide / NAD plus
A cell-fuel molecule, not a peptide. Sold as an IV drip or shot. Tested in people for aging and energy, with mixed results.
Nicotinamide riboside is a different molecule that the body turns into NAD+. Most trials that people call "NAD+ trials" gave this instead: see what the research shows on Nicotinamide Riboside.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide is the other building block the body turns into NAD+. It is swallowed, where NAD+ itself is usually given as a drip: see what the research shows on Nicotinamide Mononucleotide.
Official status: 503A Category 1 – nominated, still under FDA evaluation · Checked 2026-05-14
Can a doctor prescribe this?
- Small pharmacy (503A)
- Category 1 — under review, allowed for now
- Large outsourcing facility (503B)
- Never put forward to FDA
Not an FDA-approved medicine. The FDA has put "Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)" in Category 1 of the substances it is still working through for small-pharmacy (503A) compounding. While that review runs, the FDA says it does not plan to act against a pharmacy that makes it. That is not the same as being on the final list, which is set by rulemaking.
503A is a pharmacy making a single prescription for one patient. 503B is a facility making batches. They are governed by separate lists. Where a category is shown, it is a position on the FDA's list of substances that have been put forward and are still being worked through — not the final list, which is set by rulemaking. Category 1 means the FDA does not plan to act against a pharmacy that makes it while the review runs.
What happens next
A reading of which NAD forms the FDA 503B entries cover before any status is published for large outsourcing facilities.
The 503B document names "Beta-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide" in Category 1 and "Beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide disodium salt, trihydrate" in Category 3. Those are different chemical forms in different categories, so one flat status would misstate at least one of them.
Lab suppliers we list: 16
Doses used in research
Taken word for word from the studies and trials listed on this page. This is not a recommendation and not a dose for anyone to take.
This is a sample, not the whole literature.
About 277,000 papers mentioning this compound have been published. We show a selected sample of 99 of them, not the full literature. How we choose them · count checked 2026-08-23
- Study in peopleThe differential impact of three different NAD<sup>+</sup> boosters on circulatory NAD and microbial metabolism in humans.
Head-to-head comparison of NAD+, nicotinamide riboside and nicotinamide mononucleotide. Shared row: also listed on the other two pages, so do not add human totals across pages.
Nature metabolism · 2026
- Study in peopleOral LNAD+ rapidly elevates whole blood intracellular NAD and metabolic flux without elevating plasma NAD: evidence from a randomized controlled trial.
GeroScience · 2026
- Study in peopleEffect of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide on Heart Failure Caused by Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions · 2026
- Study in peopleNAD+ Enhanced on Hearing Recovery in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial.
The Laryngoscope · 2026
- Study in peopleDysregulation of the Glycolytic Entry Gate and Survival Route by Advanced Lipoxidation End Products in Diabetes Mellitus.
Journal of ophthalmology · 2026
- Study in peopleThe anti-inflammatory potential of nicotinamide (vitamin B3) in JIA: modulating Treg numbers and function with nicotinamide.
Arthritis research & therapy · 2026
- Study in peopleAcute exercise boosts NAD<sup>+</sup> metabolism of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025
- Data from people, not a trialAssociation between whole-blood NAD+ concentration and frailty in community-dwelling older adults: the Itabashi Longitudinal Study on Aging.
GeroScience · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialEfficacy and Safety of a Topical Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Skinbooster for the Treatment of Melasma.
Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialReconstitution of the Fovea Through Foveation After Ifosfamide-Induced Foveolysis.
Retinal cases & brief reports · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide as a Potential Biomarker for Graft Viability During Normothermic Machine Perfusion-An Ex Vivo Rodent Study.
Artificial organs · 2026
- Animal study, rats or micePlacental nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide modulates the timing of labor.
Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceTherapeutic effect of intranasal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the restoration of olfactory dysfunction.
Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceGlucocorticoid excess disrupts NAD+ homeostasis in male and female mice.
The Journal of endocrinology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceAging disrupts cumulus–oocyte NAD⁺ homeostasis
2026
- Animal study, rats or miceAssessment of methylene blue and NAD on LPS-induced acute brain injury: effects on neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and blood-brain barrier integrity in a rat endotoxemia model.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceErgothioneine attenuates age-related declines in circadian rhythmicity.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceTracing NAD<sup>+</sup> metabolism uncovers adaptive coordination between host and microbiome during colitis.
Cell reports · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceInhibition of CD38 by 78c Enhanced NAD<sup>+</sup> and Alleviated Alveolar Bone Loss in Mice with Experimental Periodontitis.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceInhibition of CD38 by 78c Enhanced NAD<sup>+</sup> and Alleviated Alveolar Bone Loss in Mice with Experimental Periodontitis
2026
- Animal study, larger animalsEffects and Mechanisms of NAD + on Lung Injury After Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Swine.
Shock (Augusta, Ga.) · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNAMPT activation uncovers a senescence-specific vulnerability and promotes healthy aging in combination with NAM
2026
- Animal study, rats or miceRestorin<sup>®</sup> NR is a Highly Efficient NAD<sup>+</sup> Precursor.
Drug design, development and therapy · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceReal-Time Two-Photon Imaging of Brain Endothelial NAD+ Metabolism in Mice.
Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNAD<sup>+</sup> precursor treatment prevents cardiomyopathy but disrupts erythroid maturation in mitochondrial progeria.
Cell reports · 2026
- Animal study, rats or micePolyethylene Nanoplastic Exposure Causes Miscarriage by Impairing Trophoblast NAD<sup>+</sup> Metabolism via Mitochondrial Dysfunction.
Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceEffects of phycocyanin-derived oligopeptides, zinc, and selenium on whole-brain NAD-related metabolites and redox-inflammatory markers after low-dose LPS challenge in mice.
Nutritional neuroscience · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceBioadaptive spatiotemporal nanomedicine promotes metabolic recovery after myocardial infarction through NAD<sup>+</sup> and UCP2 regulation.
Nature cardiovascular research · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceThe redox state of free nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of rat liver.
The Biochemical journal · 1967
- Lab dish studyAMPK senses cellular levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
2026
- Lab dish studyTargeting the NAD<sup>+</sup> salvage pathway: Identification of bifunctional NAMPT inhibitors and SIRT1 activators through pharmacophore-based virtual screening.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry · 2026
- Lab dish studyRestoration of Redox Homeostasis and Endogenous Aldehyde Detoxification by UT-018 Following Acute Ethanol Exposure
2026
- Lab dish studyBioactive vitamin E-NAD<sup>+</sup> conjugate nanoparticles for osteoarthritis management via simultaneous suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress.
Biomaterials · 2026
- Lab dish studyNon-clinical safety evaluation of coenzyme I (NAD⁺): A GLP-compliant systematic study.
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2026
- Lab dish study<i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> promotes gastric cancer metastasis via NA-mediated NAD metabolism reprogramming and glycolytic activation.
Gut · 2026
- Studied in plants, bacteria or fungi, not animalsThe role of redox state in regulating plant secondary metabolism under stress.
Functional plant biology : FPB · 2026
- Studied in plants, bacteria or fungi, not animalsThe <i>E. coli</i> DEAD box ATPase CsdA, is a NAD <sup>+</sup> capped RNA binding protein
2026
- Studied in plants, bacteria or fungi, not animalsPhage-encoded NARP3 system rebuilds NAD<sup>+</sup> to subvert bacterial immunity.
Science advances · 2026
- Studied in plants, bacteria or fungi, not animalsDistribution of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in genus <i>Aggregatibacter</i> and description of <i>Aggregatibacter animalimorsus</i> sp. nov., <i>Aggregatibacter holmi</i> sp. nov., and <i>Aggregatibacter valvarum</i> sp. nov.
Frontiers in microbiology · 2026
- Studied in plants, bacteria or fungi, not animalsRickettsia parkeri subverts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolic pathway for its survival in endothelial cells.
The FEBS journal · 2026
- Studied in plants, bacteria or fungi, not animalsNiacin Alleviates Browning in Fresh-Cut Potatoes: Regulation of NADPH/NADH Levels Mediates ROS-Redox Homeostasis and the Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle.
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
- Lab test method, not a health studySpatiotemporal biosensor profiling reveals an autonomous mitochondrial NAD <sup>+</sup> /NMN regulatory network centered on NMNAT3
2026
- Chemistry or materials paper, not a health studySynthesis, Characterization, and Fluorescence Application of Indole-Based Isofunctional NAD<sup>+</sup> Analogs.
Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2026
- Chemistry or materials paper, not a health studyLaser-Engineered Ag Nanoparticle on Carbon Cloth Electrodes for Enzyme-Free Electrochemical NAD<sup>+</sup> Detection.
Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026
- Hypothesis, not a tested studyPreliminary evidence that blood extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase increases with antidepressant response to chronotherapeutics and to monoaminergic drugs.
International clinical psychopharmacology · 2026
- Chemistry or materials paper, not a health studyHigh-titer nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide production via artificially designed pseudo-de novo biosynthesis pathway.
Bioresource technology · 2026
- Chemistry or materials paper, not a health studyMulti-module immobilization of Gluconobacter frateurii alcohol dehydrogenase and Lactobacillus brevis NADH oxidase with tethered nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for D-allulose biosynthesis.
International journal of biological macromolecules · 2026
- Hypothesis, not a tested studyZinc as a phase-specific therapeutic target in hypoglycemia-induced brain injury.
Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026
- The Role of Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets.
Cureus · 2026
- Autophagy-Related Gene-Set Signals in the Genetic Architecture of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Hypothesis-Generating Link to Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Associated Cellular Maintenance Biology.
Cureus · 2026
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species and myocardial cell pyroptosis caused by hypoxia/re-oxygenation injury.
World journal of cardiology · 2026
- NAD+ depletion links metabolic stress to drive innate immune priming and selectively control PANoptosis.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026
- Dual Single-Atom Engineered NADH Oxidase-Mimic Boosts In Situ NAD<sup>+</sup> Biotransformation for Targeted Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Protection.
Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026
- NAD+ metabolic collapse and arrest of epithelial development in Hirschsprung disease.
World journal of pediatric surgery · 2026
- NAD<sup>+</sup> modulates REST isoform expression and its downstream mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease.
Autophagy · 2026
- Metabolic Brain Disorders: Prodromes, Symptoms, and Syndromes.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
- Redox Molecules in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
- Adipose FGF21 signalling mediates the anti-senescence effects of protein restriction.
The Journal of physiology · 2026
- Muscle NAD(P) metabolism tracks muscle health more than chronological age
2026
- Viral reprogramming of neuronal metabolism captured by label-free imaging in a 3D human brain tissue model.
Neurophotonics · 2026
- Peripheral Neuropathy in Metabolic Stress.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
- Theranostic Potential of an NAD(P)H-Activatable Fluorophore: Assessing Cancer Aggressiveness and Triggering Apoptosis.
Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026
- NAD<sup>+</sup> or β-hydroxybutyrate each protects against tachypacing-induced metabolic remodeling through regulation of mitophagy in HL-1 cardiomyocytes.
American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026
- Microvascular Dysfunction and Redox Imbalance in Long COVID.
Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994) · 2026
- NAD<sup>+</sup> Metabolic Reprogramming Drives CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells Senescence and Exacerbates Ulcerative Colitis.
Aging cell · 2026
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedStarving leukemia: nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase-dependent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide salvage links metabolic vulnerability to therapeutic sensitivity in acute myeloid leukemia.
Translational cancer research · 2026
- The role of exercise in modulating NAD+ metabolic enzymes: mechanisms and health benefits.
Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026
- [NAD kinases (NADKs) family proteins: Advances in metabolic regulation mechanisms and disease associations].
Sheng li xue bao : [Acta physiologica Sinica] · 2026
- Integrated placental microarray and single-cell transcriptomic analysis prioritizes Trp-Kyn-NAD+ axis-related candidate markers in pre-eclampsia.
Reproduction, fertility, and development · 2026
- Energy and Reducing Power Regeneration Systems for Artificial Cells and Their Applications.
Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients.
The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 1968
- Replacement of a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked dehydrogenase for the utilization of mannitol.
Journal of bacteriology · 1967
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedControlled evaluation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients.
The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 1967
- Leukocyte oxidase: defective activity in chronic granulomatous disease.
Science (New York, N.Y.) · 1967
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedTreatment of acute brain syndrome from alcohol with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and methaminodiazepoxide.
Quarterly journal of studies on alcohol · 1966
- Review of earlier workApplication of Organic Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes for NAD(P)H Imaging and Detection.
Chemistry, an Asian journal · 2026
- Review of earlier workRole of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in cardiovascular disease.
Current opinion in cardiology · 2026
- Review of earlier workIntracrine androgen metabolism in the meibomian gland: regulation, circadian control, and implications in dry eye disease.
Endocrine journal · 2026
- Review of earlier workVirtual Nature, Metaverse, and NAD⁺: A Narrative Review for Health Planning and Healthy Ageing.
Health science reports · 2026
- Review of earlier workNAD Metabolism in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia: Biological Rationale and Therapeutic Opportunities.
Nutrients · 2026
- Review of earlier workMicronutrition as a Therapeutic Strategy to Restore Mitochondrial Function in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia
2026
- Review of earlier workSirtuins at the Interface of Glucose Metabolism, Diabetes, and Heart Failure: Metabolic Sensing in Cardiometabolic Disease.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
- Review of earlier workOpposing Molecular Programs in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Hoarding: Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies Reveal Distinct Senescence, Complement, and Metabolic Signatures.
Cureus · 2026
- Review of earlier workTargeting Sirtuin Signaling in Parkinson's Disease and Neurodegeneration: Molecular Insights and Translational Potential.
Molecular neurobiology · 2026
- Review of earlier workSLC25A51 and mitochondrial NAD⁺ transport in acute myeloid leukemia: mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and translational perspectives.
Human cell · 2026
- Review of earlier workSymptom-Level Precision Neurology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Linking Microglial Pruning, Mitochondrial Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Compensation, and Autophagy Failure Across the Aging Spectrum.
Cureus · 2026
- Review of earlier workMetabolic Flux Adaptations During GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy: Redox Implications.
Current obesity reports · 2026
- Review of earlier workNAD⁺ circuits in aging, tissue repair and fibrosis.
Ageing research reviews · 2026
- Review of earlier workNicotinamide Supplementation in Glaucoma: A Systematic Review of Human Studies.
Nutrients · 2026
- Review of earlier workInsights Into the Mechanisms of Biological Aging That Guide Translational and Clinical Research.
Aging medicine (Milton (N.S.W)) · 2026
- Review of earlier workMitochondrial Proteostasis Links Diabetes and Sarcopenia: Cross-Scale Convergence from Experimental Models to Human Multi-Omics.
Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026
- Review of earlier workFrom NAD<sup>+</sup> metabolism to skeletal muscle function: The emerging role of ADP-ribosylation.
Cell reports · 2026
- Review of earlier work[Systemic Reprogramming of Cellular Senescence: Coordinated Regulation of Metabolism, Epigenetics, and Proteostasis].
Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026
- Review of earlier workMicronutrition as a Therapeutic Strategy for Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia: A Narrative Review.
Nutrients · 2026
- Review of earlier workRedox-sensitive coordination of mitochondrial quality control: Integrating ROS, NAD<sup>+</sup>, and Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling in disease.
Life sciences · 2026
- Review of earlier workNicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase 1 and NAD<sup>+</sup> Homeostasis in Neuroprotection and Aging.
Metabolites · 2026
- Review of earlier workBeyond a Surface Marker: The Multifaceted Role of CD38 in Metabolic Disruption and Tumor Progression.
Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026
- Review of earlier workNicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Its Anti-aging Effects in the Context of Longevity and Menopause.
Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2026
- Review of earlier workPrecision Nanodelivery Enables Spatiotemporal Control of NAD⁺ Metabolism in Ageing and Disease.
International journal of nanomedicine · 2026
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What has happened so far
- 14 May 2026503A
FDA lists "Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)" under 503A Category 1: Bulk Drug Substances Under Evaluation. Category 1 means FDA does not intend to take action against a pharmacy compounding it while the evaluation continues. It is not on the final 503A Bulks List. Read from the FDA 503A category document headed "Updated May 14, 2026". Salt and beta forms appear elsewhere in the document and are not treated as separate listings for NAD+.