VIP
Tested in peopleGet notified when the evidence changes.
It has been tested in people, but it is not an approved medicine. The studies are usually small.
Compiled and reviewed by the PeptideSearch Editorial Team · Status checked 2026-05-14
Also called Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Aviptadil / Zyesami
A natural body signal involved in inflammation and blood flow. Tested in people for lung conditions.
Official status: 503A Category 1 – nominated, still under FDA evaluation · Checked 2026-05-14
Can a doctor prescribe this?
- Small pharmacy (503A)
- Category 1 — under review, allowed for now
- Large outsourcing facility (503B)
- Never put forward to FDA
Not approved in the US. It has been studied under investigational status for lung conditions. The FDA has "Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide" in Category 1 of the substances it is still working through for small-pharmacy (503A) compounding, so while that review runs the FDA says it does not plan to act against a pharmacy that makes it. That is not the same as being on the final list.
503A is a pharmacy making a single prescription for one patient. 503B is a facility making batches. They are governed by separate lists. Where a category is shown, it is a position on the FDA's list of substances that have been put forward and are still being worked through — not the final list, which is set by rulemaking. Category 1 means the FDA does not plan to act against a pharmacy that makes it while the review runs.
Lab suppliers we list: 3
Doses used in research
Taken word for word from the studies and trials listed on this page. This is not a recommendation and not a dose for anyone to take.
This is a sample, not the whole literature.
About 122,000 papers mentioning this compound have been published. We show a selected sample of 98 of them, not the full literature. How we choose them · count checked 2026-08-23
- Study in peopleCGRP, VIP and PACAP plasmatic levels in migraine patients before and after anti-CGRP(R) monoclonal antibodies treatment.
Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache · 2026
- Study in peopleA Heat-Inactivated Two-Strain <i>Lacticaseibacillus paracasei</i> Fermented Milk as a Postbiotic for Functional Constipation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Nutrients · 2026
- Study in peopleClinical Efficacy of Abdominal Massage Combined With Moxibustion for Treatment of Chronic Constipation in Elderly Patients.
Neurogastroenterology and motility · 2026
- Study in peopleEffect of pictorial-based information about atherosclerosis on adherence to lifestyle recommendations: results from the VIPVIZA randomised controlled trial.
Open heart · 2026
- Study in peopleThe Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness of a Victim Improvement Package (VIP) for the Reduction of Chronic Symptoms of Depression or Anxiety in Older Victims of Community-Crime: the VIP RCT Synopsis.
Public health research (Southampton, England) · 2026
- Study in peopleAssociations between lifestyle and initiation of cardiovascular preventive medicines in 60-year-olds at low to moderate cardiovascular risk level - a prospective cohort study based on the VIPVIZA-trial.
BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026
- Study in peopleInfluenza vaccination for prevention of death and major cardiovascular events in patients with a history of stroke: A subanalysis of the VIP-ACS trial.
International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society · 2026
- Study in peopleClinical efficacy and gastrointestinal hormonal effect of <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> combined with lactulose for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.
American journal of translational research · 2026
- Study in peopleIncreasing plant protein sources in the diet modulates gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolism in men at cardiometabolic risk.
Gut microbes · 2026
- Study in peopleFrom glass to plasma: in vivo phenolic signatures and metabolic pathways after acute red and white wine intake.
Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.) · 2026
- Study in peopleRandomized single-blind study to examine the implementation and effectiveness of integrating evidence-based early relational health programs in pediatrics for families with low incomes: A clinical trial protocol.
PloS one · 2026
- Study in peopleWeizmannia coagulans BC99 improved intestinal motility and chronic constipation through regulating gut microbiota: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
European journal of nutrition · 2026
- Study in peopleThe VIP trial: a randomised controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness of a Victim Improvement Package (VIP) for the reduction of continued symptoms of depression or anxiety in older victims of community crime in an English city.
BMJ open · 2025
- Study in peopleInhaled Aviptadil Is a New Hope for Recovery of Lung Damage due to COVID-19.
Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2025
- Study in peopleFood-specific IgG-based elimination diet decreased IL-6, TNF-α, and CGRP and improved symptoms in adults with migraine.
Frontiers in nutrition · 2025
- Study in peopleBeliefs about medicines in relation to the initiation of cardiovascular preventive medications during a 3 year follow-up period after inclusion in the VIPVIZA trial: a cohort study.
BMJ open · 2025
- Study in people[Clinical efficacy of intranasal acupuncture combined with Tiaoshen acupuncture in the treatment of moderate-to-severe persistent allergic rhinitis].
Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research · 2024
- Study in people[Clinical effect of acupuncture for gastroesophageal reflux disease based on the "heart-stomach connection" theory and its effects on serum gastrointestinal hormones].
Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion · 2024
- Study in peopleOcular Surface Disease as Extraesophageal Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Manifestation: A Specific Therapeutic Strategy.
Cornea · 2024
- Study in peopleA comparative study of acupuncture combined with rehabilitation gymnastics on postoperative anal function of lower rectal cancer.
World journal of clinical cases · 2024
- Study in peopleThe effect of Lu AG09222 on PACAP38- and VIP-induced vasodilation, heart rate increase, and headache in healthy subjects: an interventional, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study.
The journal of headache and pain · 2023
- Study in peopleIntravenous aviptadil and remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19-associated hypoxaemic respiratory failure in the USA (TESICO): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023
- Study in peopleRole of tear vasoactive intestinal peptide on dry eyes after laser keratorefractive surgery.
BMC ophthalmology · 2023
- Study in peopleThe Use of IV Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Aviptadil) in Patients With Critical COVID-19 Respiratory Failure: Results of a 60-Day Randomized Controlled Trial.
Critical care medicine · 2022
- Data from people, not a trialCharacteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with VIPoma-A retrospective analysis of the ENETS database.
Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialSerum VIP and IL-1β Levels Are Associated With Anxiety and Depression in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Brain and behavior · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialVasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)-Secreting Neuroblastic Tumors in Children Presenting With Chronic Secretory Diarrhea: A Report of Two Cases.
Cureus · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialHow Disease Progression Changes Operative Thresholds in MEN1: A Case-Based Management Review.
The American surgeon · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceGlycine transporter 1 inhibitor, bitopertin, changes excitatory and inhibitory network connectivity in mouse medial prefrontal cortex.
Neuropharmacology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceModulating the VIP-VIPR pathway reprograms CAR T cells for superior antitumor efficacy in preclinical cancer models.
Science translational medicine · 2026
- Animal study, larger animalsExploration of the regulatory mechanism of the vasoactive intestinal peptide-eosinophil axis in sheep resistance to Moniezia benedeni infection.
Veterinary parasitology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceVipr2 Gene Expression Is Upregulated in the Nucleus Accumbens of Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats During Early Life.
Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceThe Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Glucagon-like Peptide-2-Mediated Intestinal Lipid Handling.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceGABAergic Signaling from Arginine Vasopressin Neurons in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Is Essential for Maintaining the Estrous Cycle in Mice.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026
- Animal study, larger animalsVasoactive intestinal peptide attenuates form-deprivation myopia in guinea pigs by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway along the retina-choroid-scleral axis.
Experimental eye research · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceRestoring cortical disinhibition improves Huntington's disease phenotypes.
Nature · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceThe Role of Inhibitory Neurons in Deviance Sound Detection in Regular and Random Statistical Contexts.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceVIP Deficiency Increases Pro-fibrotic and Pro-inflammatory Biomarker Expression After World Trade Center Dust Exposure
2026
- Animal study, rats or mice5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors in the prelimbic cortex VIP-expressing interneurons: A mechanism for psychedelic-induced innate fear attenuation.
British journal of pharmacology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceAcupuncture regulates gut microbiota and metabolites in a rat model of chronic migraine.
Acupuncture in medicine : journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceNon-Hebbian Long-Term Depression at VIP Interneuron Inputs Selectively Tunes Inhibition in Disinhibitory Circuits of Mouse Hippocampus.
Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2026
- Animal study, rats or micePostsynaptic Induction and Presynaptic Expression of Long-Term Potentiation at Excitatory Synapses on Layer 2/3 VIP Interneurons in the Somatosensory Cortex.
The European journal of neuroscience · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceEffects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on neuroexcitability of female-specific subpopulation of myelinated Ah-type neurons isolated from trigeminal ganglia of adult female rats.
Neuropeptides · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceStress-type specific changes of VIP signaling in limbic regions of the rat brain.
Neuroscience letters · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceStable, Variable, Encoding: Distinct Roles of SST, VIP, and EXC Neurons in Visual Novelty Processing
2026
- Animal study, rats or miceHypothalamic clock governs circadian pain.
Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceTail-Suspension Model of Simulated Microgravity-Induced Functional Dyspepsia in Rats: Behavioral, Motility, and Brain-Gut Peptide Alterations.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceVIP<sup>+</sup> interneuron control of the hippocampal cognitive map.
Current biology : CB · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceIntranasal delivery of a vasoactive intestinal peptide-based circRNA vaccine induces systemic and mucosal immunity against RSV in mice.
Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceEffects of Biling Weitong granules on gastrointestinal motility and gastrointestinal hormones levels in rats with functional dyspepsia.
Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceLiangfu Pill Alleviates Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome through Modulation of 5-HT Signaling Pathway and Gut Microbiota.
Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2026
- Animal study, larger animalsCalcium-binding protein expression cannot serve as a general classifier for GABAergic neurons in macaque cortex.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceInvestigation of vasoactive intestinal peptide expression and significance in a congenital diaphragmatic hernia animal model.
Pediatric surgery international · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceContribution of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide to the Depressant Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-2 on Neurally Induced Contractile Responses in Mouse Ileal Preparations.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceStandardization of Vipera ammodytes antiserum.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 1967
- Lab dish studyPKCδ-Drp1 Axis Mediates VIP-Induced Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Metabolic Crisis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.
Drug development research · 2026
- Lab dish studyFinding functional gaps: integrative analysis of VPAC1- and VPAC2-mediated signalling pathways in human lymphocytes.
Cell & bioscience · 2026
- Lab dish studyOsteoprotective effects of the neuropeptide VIP: insights from triple cultures of human osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.
Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine · 2026
- Lab dish studyHSV-1 Infection Differentially Modulates NPY and VIP Neuropeptide Expression in the Mouse Brain and in Human Neuronal Cells.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
- Lab test method, not a health studyIntegrated UHPLC-MS/MS and 16S rRNA sequencing reveals that Weiling Decoction alleviates spleen deficiency with dampness pattern diarrhea by modulating intestinal microbiota.
3 Biotech · 2026
- Hypothesis, not a tested studyGPCR-selective effects of endocytosis on cellular signaling through the cAMP/PKA cascade.
The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026
- Hypothesis, not a tested studyThe mechanism of transcutaneous gastric pacing treatment on gastrointestinal motility recovery and inflammation improvement in early-stage acute pancreatitis patients.
BMC gastroenterology · 2024
- Hypothesis, not a tested studyInhaled aviptadil for the possible treatment of COVID-19 in patients at high risk for ARDS: study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled, and multicenter trial.
Trials · 2022
- Median raphe input to dorsal CA1 shapes VIP interneuron recruitment and novelty-guided spatial memory
2026
- Sublayer- and pathway-specific control of CA1 input processing by VIP interneurons.
The Journal of physiology · 2026
- Vip<sup>+</sup> vagal neurons control allergen-induced responses.
Cell reports · 2026
- Elevated vasoactive intestinal peptide concentrations poorly predict VIPoma.
Endocrine-related cancer · 2026
- Hippocampal maps: Reward gets the VIP treatment.
Current biology : CB · 2026
- <b>Severe hypokalaemia and secretory diarrhoea secondary to a vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumour (VIPoma</b>).
BMJ case reports · 2026
- Motor Cortex VIP Interneurons Participate in Dexmedetomidine-Associated Sleep Modulation.
Molecular neurobiology · 2026
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Induces Autophagy and Cytotoxicity in Renal Cell Carcinoma via SIRT3-Dependent Signaling Pathway.
Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2026
- Neuronal VIP wires the intestinal epithelial cell function.
Mucosal immunology · 2026
- Vasoactive intestinal peptide advances chondrogenesis and modulates pathogenic mediators in human osteoarthritis.
Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026
- Neuronal VIP shapes intestinal stem cell activity and mucosal immunity.
Cell stem cell · 2026
- All-optical electrophysiology reveals behavior-dependent dynamics of excitation and inhibition in the hippocampus.
Neuron · 2026
- Multi-stable oscillations in cortical networks with two classes of inhibition.
PLoS computational biology · 2026
- The VIP-VIPR2 axis strengthens intestinal barrier integrity and antimicrobial immunity in Ctenopharyngodon idella.
Developmental and comparative immunology · 2026
- Optogenetic circuit mapping reveals connectivity and synaptic physiology of T-stellate projections from the cochlear nucleus to the auditory midbrain
2026
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedInhaled Aviptadil for Post-COVID Lung Injury: Early Promise, Future Directions.
Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2026
- Functional Continuum of GABAergic Synaptic Dynamics Reflects Genetic Identities
2026
- VIPR1 acts as an enteric neural checkpoint that suppresses intestinal stem cell-driven epithelial regeneration and exacerbates colitis.
Cell stem cell · 2026
- Layer 1 NDNF interneurons modulate thalamocortical input to the auditory cortex.
iScience · 2026
- Domperidone plus pinaverium bromide and itopride for functional dyspepsia in the elderly: efficacy, symptom improvement, and gastric function panel.
American journal of translational research · 2026
- Clinical implications of vasoactive intestinal peptide and 5-hydroxytryptamine in diabetic neurogenic bladder and their relationship with post-void residual.
Journal of medical biochemistry · 2026
- Electroacupuncture Treatment on Sarcopenia in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Haemodialysis: An Effective Therapy.
Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026
- Aviptadil in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome-Promise or Mirage?
Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2025
- Integrative Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Acustimulation and Autonomic-Endocrine Mechanisms on Postprocedural Recovery in Patients With Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography.
Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2025
- Hemostatic mechanism of Jianpi Yiqi Shexue decoction in treatment of immune thrombocytopenia.
Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan · 2024
- Transcutaneous Electrical Acustimulation Improves Constipation Symptoms and Accelerates Colonic Transit in Patients With Slow Transit Constipation Through Autonomic Mechanism.
Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2024
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedThe VIP in the nursing home.
Geriatric nursing · 1968
- No abstract available, not yet classified"THE VIP SYNDROME": A CLINICAL STUDY IN HOSPITAL PSYCHIATRY.
The Journal of nervous and mental disease · 1964
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedOperation VIP.
The American journal of nursing · 1953
- Review of earlier workVasoactive intestinal Peptide as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review.
Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2026
- Review of earlier workVasoactive intestinal peptide associated 8-gene signature with prognostic and immune associations in melanoma.
Medicine · 2026
- Review of earlier workMyopia pathogenesis and vasoactive intestinal peptide: Molecular mechanisms, experimental models, and clinical implications.
Experimental eye research · 2026
- Review of earlier workA Historical Review of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide in Sepsis.
Biology · 2026
- Review of earlier workFrom nerve to bone: a tale of autonomic nervous system, bone cells, and beyond.
Military Medical Research · 2026
- Review of earlier workAviptadil Therapy in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2025
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What has happened so far
- 14 May 2026503A
FDA lists "Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide" under 503A Category 1: Bulk Drug Substances Under Evaluation. Category 1 means FDA does not intend to act against a pharmacy compounding it while the evaluation continues; it is not the final 503A Bulks List. Read from the FDA 503A category document headed "Updated May 14, 2026".