SS-31
Tested in peopleGet notified when the evidence changes.
It has been tested in people, but it is not an approved medicine. The studies are usually small.
Compiled and reviewed by the PeptideSearch Editorial Team · Status checked 2026-08-04
Also called Elamipretide / Bendavia / MTP-131
Targets mitochondria directly. Tested in people for a rare genetic condition called Barth syndrome.
Official status: Not nominated for 503A compounding · Checked 2026-08-04
Can a doctor prescribe this?
- Small pharmacy (503A)
- Never put forward to FDA
- Large outsourcing facility (503B)
- Never put forward to FDA
Investigational. Not approved and not on the compounding list.
503A is a pharmacy making a single prescription for one patient. 503B is a facility making batches. They are governed by separate lists. Where a category is shown, it is a position on the FDA's list of substances that have been put forward and are still being worked through — not the final list, which is set by rulemaking. Category 1 means the FDA does not plan to act against a pharmacy that makes it while the review runs.
Lab suppliers we list: 9
Doses used in research
Taken word for word from the studies and trials listed on this page. This is not a recommendation and not a dose for anyone to take.
This is a sample, not the whole literature.
About 3,000 papers mentioning this compound have been published. We show a selected sample of 64 of them, not the full literature. How we choose them · count checked 2026-08-23
- Study in peopleInitial Psychometric Evaluation of the Barth Syndrome Symptom Assessment (BTHS-SA) for Adolescents and Adults in a Phase 2 Clinical Study.
Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025
- Study in peopleGenotype-specific effects of elamipretide in patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy: a post hoc analysis of the MMPOWER-3 trial.
Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2024
- Study in peopleElamipretide Topical Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of Subjects with Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: A Randomized Trial.
Ophthalmology · 2024
- Study in peopleLong-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome: 168-week open-label extension results of TAZPOWER.
Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics · 2024
- Study in peopleEfficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Neurology · 2023
- Study in peopleIdentifying responders to elamipretide in Barth syndrome: Hierarchical clustering for time series data.
Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2023
- Study in peopleIn vivo mitochondrial ATP production is improved in older adult skeletal muscle after a single dose of elamipretide in a randomized trial.
PloS one · 2021
- Study in peopleA phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome, a genetic disorder of mitochondrial cardiolipin metabolism.
Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics · 2021
- Study in peopleEffects of Elamipretide on Left Ventricular Function in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: The PROGRESS-HF Phase 2 Trial.
Journal of cardiac failure · 2020
- Study in peopleA randomized crossover trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy.
Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2020
- Study in peopleThe mitochondria-targeting peptide elamipretide diminishes circulating HtrA2 in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care · 2019
- Study in peopleRandomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy.
Neurology · 2018
- Study in peoplePhase 2a Clinical Trial of Mitochondrial Protection (Elamipretide) During Stent Revascularization in Patients With Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis.
Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions · 2017
- Study in peopleNovel Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide in Heart Failure Treatment: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Elamipretide.
Circulation. Heart failure · 2017
- Study in peopleEMBRACE STEMI study: a Phase 2a trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of intravenous MTP-131 on reperfusion injury in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
European heart journal · 2016
- Data from people, not a trialElamipretide in the Management of Barth Syndrome: Current Evidence and a Case Report.
Molecular genetics and metabolism · 2025
- Data from people, not a trialNatural history comparison study to assess the efficacy of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome.
Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2022
- Animal study, rats or miceElamipretide (SS-31) and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) Combination Therapy Targets TREM2 to Mitigate Post-ischemic Brain Injury in Mice.
Neurochemical research · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceTargeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction With Elamipretide (SS-31) Improves Skeletal Muscle Performance in a HFpEF Rat Model.
Circulation. Heart failure · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceElamipretide (SS-31) promotes recovery by preserving mitochondrial bioenergetics and neural remodeling after spinal cord injury.
Neurochemistry international · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceTargeting Mitochondria in MASLD: Comparative Evaluation of MitoQ and SS-31 (Elamipretide) in Aged Female Mice under Nutritional Stress.
Physiological research · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceAging, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cerebral microhemorrhages: a preclinical evaluation of SS-31 (elamipretide) and development of a high-throughput machine learning-driven imaging pipeline for cerebromicrovascular protection therapeutic screening.
GeroScience · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceEndothelial Glycocalyx Degradation as a Mediator of Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in Aged Rats: Protective Role of SS-31.
Molecular neurobiology · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceSS-31: A promising therapeutic agent against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Mice.
PloS one · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceSS-31 protects against bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis
2024
- Animal study, rats or miceMitochondria-targeting peptide SS-31 attenuates ferroptosis via inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the hippocampus of epileptic rats.
Brain research · 2024
- Animal study, rats or miceSS-31 inhibits mtDNA-cGAS-STING signaling to improve POCD by activating mitophagy in aged mice.
Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2024
- Animal study, rats or miceMitochondria-targeted reactive oxygen species blockor SS-31 blocks hepatic stellate cell activation and alleviates hepatic fibrosis by regulating NLRP3 inflammasomes.
Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) · 2024
- Animal study, rats or miceSS-31 treatment ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial morphology and defective mitophagy in a murine model of Barth syndrome.
Scientific reports · 2024
- Animal study, rats or miceTargeting mitochondria in the aged cerebral vasculature with SS-31, a proteomic study of brain microvessels.
GeroScience · 2023
- Animal study, rats or miceProtective effects of SS-31 on Post-Contrast Acute Kidney Injury in Diabetes Mice
2023
- Animal study, rats or miceSS-31 alleviated nociceptive responses and restored mitochondrial function in a headache mouse model via Sirt3/Pgc-1α positive feedback loop.
The journal of headache and pain · 2023
- Animal study, rats or miceElamipretide(SS-31) Attenuates Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting the Nrf2-Dependent NLRP3 Inflammasome in Macrophages.
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023
- Animal study, rats or miceBeneficial effects of SS-31 peptide on cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in tafazzin knockdown mice.
Scientific reports · 2022
- Animal study, rats or miceSS-31 as a Mitochondrial Protectant in the Treatment of Tendinopathy: Evaluation in a Murine Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Model.
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume · 2022
- Animal study, rats or miceAge-related disruption of the proteome and acetylome in mouse hearts is associated with loss of function and attenuated by elamipretide (SS-31) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) treatment.
GeroScience · 2022
- Animal study, rats or miceSS-31 efficacy in a mouse model of Friedreich ataxia by upregulation of frataxin expression.
Human molecular genetics · 2021
- Animal study, rats or miceRole of AQP3 in the Vascular Leakage of Sepsis and the Protective Effect of Ss-31.
Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology · 2021
- Animal study, rats or miceElamipretide (SS-31) treatment attenuates age-associated post-translational modifications of heart proteins.
GeroScience · 2021
- Animal study, rats or micePotent mitochondria-targeted peptides reduce myocardial infarction in rats.
Coronary artery disease · 2007
- Lab dish studySS-31 improves the quality of maternally aged oocytes by ameliorating mitochondrial function and metabolism.
Journal of ovarian research · 2026
- Lab dish studyMitochondrial-Targeted SS-31 Attenuates the Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyoblast H9C2 Cell Senescence.
Biology · 2026
- Lab dish studyMechanisms of Anti-Oxidants, N-Acetylcysteine and Elamipretide (SS-31), on Ozone-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Mucus Hypersecretion.
Lung · 2026
- Lab dish studySS-31 improves post-cardiac arrest brain injury by inhibiting microglial ferroptosis and polarization.
Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026
- Lab dish studyMitochondrial Cardiolipin-Targeted Tetrapeptide, SS-31, Exerts Neuroprotective Effects Within In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Spinal Cord Injury.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
- Lab dish studySS-31 mitigates oxidative stress and restores mitochondrial function in cigarette smoke-damaged oral epithelial cells via PINK1-mediated mitophagy.
Chemico-biological interactions · 2024
- Lab dish studySS-31 Improves Cognitive Function in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy by Inhibiting the Drp1-NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.
Neuromolecular medicine · 2023
- Lab dish studyEvaluation of SS-31 as a Potential Strategy for Tendinopathy Treatment: An In Vitro Model.
The American journal of sports medicine · 2022
- Lab dish studySS-31 Modification Inhibits Pro-inflammatory Effect of Macrophages Induced by Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
2022
- Therapeutic Peptide SS-31 Modulates Membrane Binding and Aggregation of α-Synuclein and Restores Impaired Mitochondrial Function.
Chemical biology & drug design · 2026
- Mitochondrial-targeted SS-31 peptide attenuates radiation-induced cardiomyocyte senescence.
Journal of radiation research · 2026
- SS-31 Targets NOS2 to Enhance Osteogenic Differentiation in Aged BMSCs by Restoring Mitochondrial Function.
Organogenesis · 2025
- SS-31@Fer-1 Alleviates ferroptosis in hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes via mitochondrial targeting.
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2025
- Therapeutic Peptide SS-31 Modulates Membrane Binding and Aggregation of Alpha-Synuclein and Restores Impaired Mitochondrial Function
2024
- Application research of novel peptide mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant SS-31 in mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction.
Mitochondrion · 2024
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedCorrection: Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Phospholipid Scramblase 3 as the Biological Target of Mitoprotective Drug SS-31.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2024
- SS-31 modification alleviates ferroptosis induced by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes.
Heliyon · 2024
- Discovery of novel SS-31 (d-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH<sub>2</sub>) derivatives as potent agents to ameliorate inflammation and increase mitochondrial ATP synthesis.
RSC advances · 2024
- SS-31 inhibits the inflammatory response by increasing ATG5 and promoting autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HepG2 cells.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 2024
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedGenome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Phospholipid Scramblase 3 as the Biological Target of Mitoprotective Drug SS-31.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2024
- The mitochondrially targeted peptide elamipretide (SS-31) improves ADP sensitivity in aged mitochondria by increasing uptake through the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT).
GeroScience · 2023
- Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020
- Relation of Left Ventricular Mass and Infarct Size in Anterior Wall ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (from the EMBRACE STEMI Clinical Trial).
The American journal of cardiology · 2016
- Review of earlier workSS-31, a Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide, Ameliorates Kidney Disease.
Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022
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