SS-31
Tested in peopleIt has been tested in people, but it is not an approved medicine. The studies are usually small.
Also called Elamipretide / Bendavia / MTP-131
Targets mitochondria directly. Tested in people for a rare genetic condition called Barth syndrome.
Can a doctor prescribe this?
No. Pharmacies are not on record as being allowed to make this into a medicine.
The FDA has not approved this as a medicine.
Investigational. Not approved and not on the compounding list.
Official status: Not on the 503A bulks list. Checked 2026-08-04.
Lab suppliers we list: 9
Doses used in research
Taken word for word from the studies and trials listed on this page. This is not a recommendation and not a dose for anyone to take.
In animal studies
These are doses given to animals, usually per kilogram of body weight. They do not convert directly to a human dose.
5 mg/Kg
mice · another route · daily
SS-31: A promising therapeutic agent against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Mice.PloS one · 2025
“SS-31 (intraperitoneal injection, 5mg/Kg) was administered daily from the day prior to the experiment for the control and model groups.”
5 mg/kg/day
mice ·
SS-31 as a Mitochondrial Protectant in the Treatment of Tendinopathy: Evaluation in a Murine Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Model.The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume · 2022
“Methods One hundred and twenty-six mice (252 limbs) were divided into 6 groups (42 limbs/group) that received (I) 4 weeks of impingement; (II) 8 weeks of impingement; (III) 8 weeks of impingement including 4 weeks of SS-31 treatment (5 mg/kg/d) starting after 4 weeks of impingement; (IV) 4 weeks of impingement ending with clip removal, followed by harvesting 4 weeks later; and (V) 4 weeks of impingement ending with clip removal, followed by 4 weeks of SS-31 treatment and harvesting; and a control group.”
1 mg/kg
mice · another route · daily · for 1 month
SS-31 efficacy in a mouse model of Friedreich ataxia by upregulation of frataxin expression.Human molecular genetics · 2021
“After once-daily intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg/kg SS-31 for 1 month, we observed the significant improvement of motor function.”
- Elamipretide (SS-31) and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) Combination Therapy Targets TREM2 to Mitigate Post-ischemic Brain Injury in Mice.
Animal study, rats or mice
Neurochemical research · 2026
- Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction With Elamipretide (SS-31) Improves Skeletal Muscle Performance in a HFpEF Rat Model.
Animal study, rats or mice
Circulation. Heart failure · 2026
- Elamipretide (SS-31) promotes recovery by preserving mitochondrial bioenergetics and neural remodeling after spinal cord injury.
Animal study, rats or mice
Neurochemistry international · 2026
- Aging, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cerebral microhemorrhages: a preclinical evaluation of SS-31 (elamipretide) and development of a high-throughput machine learning-driven imaging pipeline for cerebromicrovascular protection therapeutic screening.
Animal study, rats or mice
GeroScience · 2025
- Endothelial Glycocalyx Degradation as a Mediator of Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in Aged Rats: Protective Role of SS-31.
Animal study, rats or mice
Molecular neurobiology · 2025
- SS-31: A promising therapeutic agent against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Mice.
Animal study, rats or mice
PloS one · 2025
- SS-31 protects against bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis
Animal study, rats or mice
Journal not recorded · 2024
- Mitochondria-targeting peptide SS-31 attenuates ferroptosis via inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the hippocampus of epileptic rats.
Animal study, rats or mice
Brain research · 2024
- Mitochondria-targeted reactive oxygen species blockor SS-31 blocks hepatic stellate cell activation and alleviates hepatic fibrosis by regulating NLRP3 inflammasomes.
Animal study, rats or mice
Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) · 2024
- SS-31 treatment ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial morphology and defective mitophagy in a murine model of Barth syndrome.
Animal study, rats or mice
Scientific reports · 2024
- Targeting mitochondria in the aged cerebral vasculature with SS-31, a proteomic study of brain microvessels.
Animal study, rats or mice
GeroScience · 2023
- Protective effects of SS-31 on Post-Contrast Acute Kidney Injury in Diabetes Mice
Animal study, rats or mice
Journal not recorded · 2023
- SS-31 alleviated nociceptive responses and restored mitochondrial function in a headache mouse model via Sirt3/Pgc-1α positive feedback loop.
Animal study, rats or mice
The journal of headache and pain · 2023
- Elamipretide(SS-31) Attenuates Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting the Nrf2-Dependent NLRP3 Inflammasome in Macrophages.
Animal study, rats or mice
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023
- SS-31 as a Mitochondrial Protectant in the Treatment of Tendinopathy: Evaluation in a Murine Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Model.
Animal study, rats or mice
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume · 2022
- Age-related disruption of the proteome and acetylome in mouse hearts is associated with loss of function and attenuated by elamipretide (SS-31) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) treatment.
Animal study, rats or mice
GeroScience · 2022
- Elamipretide (SS-31) Treatment Attenuates Age-Associated Post-Translational Modifications of Heart Proteins
Animal study, rats or mice
Journal not recorded · 2021
- Role of AQP3 in the Vascular Leakage of Sepsis and the Protective Effect of Ss-31.
Animal study, rats or mice
Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology · 2021
- Elamipretide (SS-31) treatment attenuates age-associated post-translational modifications of heart proteins.
Animal study, rats or mice
GeroScience · 2021
- SS-31 improves the quality of maternally aged oocytes by ameliorating mitochondrial function and metabolism.
Lab dish study
Journal of ovarian research · 2026
- Mitochondrial-Targeted SS-31 Attenuates the Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyoblast H9C2 Cell Senescence.
Lab dish study
Biology · 2026
- Mechanisms of Anti-Oxidants, N-Acetylcysteine and Elamipretide (SS-31), on Ozone-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Mucus Hypersecretion.
Lab dish study
Lung · 2026
- SS-31 improves post-cardiac arrest brain injury by inhibiting microglial ferroptosis and polarization.
Lab dish study
Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026
- Mitochondrial Cardiolipin-Targeted Tetrapeptide, SS-31, Exerts Neuroprotective Effects Within In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Spinal Cord Injury.
Lab dish study
International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
- SS-31 inhibits mtDNA-cGAS-STING signaling to improve POCD by activating mitophagy in aged mice.
Lab dish study
Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2024
- SS-31 mitigates oxidative stress and restores mitochondrial function in cigarette smoke-damaged oral epithelial cells via PINK1-mediated mitophagy.
Lab dish study
Chemico-biological interactions · 2024
- SS-31 Improves Cognitive Function in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy by Inhibiting the Drp1-NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.
Lab dish study
Neuromolecular medicine · 2023
- Evaluation of SS-31 as a Potential Strategy for Tendinopathy Treatment: An In Vitro Model.
Lab dish study
The American journal of sports medicine · 2022
- SS-31 Modification Inhibits Pro-inflammatory Effect of Macrophages Induced by Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Lab dish study
Journal not recorded · 2022
- SS-31 efficacy in a mouse model of Friedreich ataxia by upregulation of frataxin expression.
Lab dish study
Human molecular genetics · 2021
- Therapeutic Peptide SS-31 Modulates Membrane Binding and Aggregation of α-Synuclein and Restores Impaired Mitochondrial Function.
Chemical biology & drug design · 2026
- Mitochondrial-targeted SS-31 peptide attenuates radiation-induced cardiomyocyte senescence.
Journal of radiation research · 2026
- SS-31 Targets NOS2 to Enhance Osteogenic Differentiation in Aged BMSCs by Restoring Mitochondrial Function.
Organogenesis · 2025
- SS-31@Fer-1 Alleviates ferroptosis in hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes via mitochondrial targeting.
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2025
- Therapeutic Peptide SS-31 Modulates Membrane Binding and Aggregation of Alpha-Synuclein and Restores Impaired Mitochondrial Function
Journal not recorded · 2024
- Application research of novel peptide mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant SS-31 in mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction.
Mitochondrion · 2024
- Correction: Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Phospholipid Scramblase 3 as the Biological Target of Mitoprotective Drug SS-31.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2024
- SS-31 modification alleviates ferroptosis induced by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes.
Heliyon · 2024
- Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Phospholipid Scramblase 3 as the Biological Target of Mitoprotective Drug SS-31.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2024
- Discovery of novel SS-31 (d-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH<sub>2</sub>) derivatives as potent agents to ameliorate inflammation and increase mitochondrial ATP synthesis.
RSC advances · 2024
- SS-31 inhibits the inflammatory response by increasing ATG5 and promoting autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HepG2 cells.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 2024
- The mitochondrially targeted peptide elamipretide (SS-31) improves ADP sensitivity in aged mitochondria by increasing uptake through the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT).
GeroScience · 2023
- Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020
- Beneficial effects of SS-31 peptide on cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in tafazzin knockdown mice.
Review of earlier work
Scientific reports · 2022
- SS-31, a Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide, Ameliorates Kidney Disease.
Review of earlier work
Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022