MOTS-c
Animal studies onlyGet notified when the evidence changes.
Almost all the research is in animals. We do not know if the same thing happens in people.
Compiled and reviewed by the PeptideSearch Editorial Team · Status checked 2026-07-23
Also called Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c / MOTSc
Made by mitochondria, the parts of cells that produce energy. Studied for metabolism and exercise capacity.
Official status: Recommended, pending FDA rulemaking · Checked 2026-07-23
Can a doctor prescribe this?
- Small pharmacy (503A)
- An FDA panel said yes — nothing has changed yet
- Large outsourcing facility (503B)
- Never put forward to FDA
An FDA advisory panel voted 7-5 in favor in July 2026, but the rule isn't final. That usually takes a year or more.
503A is a pharmacy making a single prescription for one patient. 503B is a facility making batches. They are governed by separate lists. Where a category is shown, it is a position on the FDA's list of substances that have been put forward and are still being worked through — not the final list, which is set by rulemaking. Category 1 means the FDA does not plan to act against a pharmacy that makes it while the review runs.
What FDA actually looked at
FDA reviewed this peptide for Obesity and osteoporosis. That is a narrower question than the uses this peptide is usually marketed for.
What happens next
FDA has not said whether it will move MOTS-c into Category 1 while it decides, and has not started formal rulemaking.
Without a Category 1 placement, nothing changes for pharmacies no matter how the vote went.
The July 2026 vote covered the 503A list only. No 503B review has been scheduled.
503B is the pathway that would allow large-scale supply. It has not moved.
Lab suppliers we list: 16
Doses used in research
Taken word for word from the studies and trials listed on this page. This is not a recommendation and not a dose for anyone to take.
- Study in peopleAre serum MOTS-c levels and MOTS-c m.1382A>C polymorphism related to polycystic ovary syndrome?
Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2026
- Study in peopleMOTS-c is associated with oxidative stress and arterial stiffness in peritoneal dialysis patients: a pilot study.
International urology and nephrology · 2026
- Study in peopleCirculating levels of MOTS-c in patients with breast cancer treated with metformin.
Aging · 2022
- Study in peopleEffect of aerobic and resistance exercise on the mitochondrial peptide MOTS-c in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White breast cancer survivors.
Scientific reports · 2021
- Study in peopleAcute endurance exercise stimulates circulating levels of mitochondrial-derived peptides in humans.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2021
- Study in peopleβ-Amyloid and mitochondrial-derived peptide-c are additive predictors of adverse outcome to high-on-treatment platelet reactivity in type 2 diabetics with revascularized coronary artery disease.
Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2020
- Data from people, not a trialReduced Circulating MOTS-c Levels in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Reflect Integrated Autoimmune and Metabolic Dysregulation: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Journal of clinical medicine · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialThe Association Between Serum MOTS-c Levels and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Biomedicines · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialSystemic MOTS-c levels are increased in adults with obesity in association with metabolic dysregulation and remain unchanged after weight loss.
Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialCorrection: Reduced serum and skeletal muscle MOTS c levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
Scientific reports · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialReduced serum and skeletal muscle MOTS c levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
Scientific reports · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialRepeated Heat Stress Modulates the Levels of the Mitokines MOTS-C and FGF21 in Active Men during Calf Muscle Immobilization.
Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2025
- Data from people, not a trialMOTS-C levels ın ındividuals with and without obesity and ıts association with ınflammation, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction.
Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2025
- Data from people, not a trialMOTS-c as a Potential Diagnostic-prognostic Biomarker for Myocardial Infarction.
Cardiovascular & hematological agents in medicinal chemistry · 2025
- Data from people, not a trialSerum Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) Dynamics as a Complementary Marker of Treatment Response in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: A Prospective Analysis.
Cureus · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceHumanin and MOTS-c Attenuate Atrial Fibrillation by Suppressing Fibrosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction.
Biomedicines · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceMitochondrial peptide MOTS-c suppresses systemic and cardiac inflammasome activation in a diabetic rat model.
Experimental physiology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceMOTS-c primes adrenal cortex metabolism without directly driving steroidogenesis.
Folia histochemica et cytobiologica · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceMOTS-c preserves mitochondrial subpopulation bioenergetics and genome integrity to attenuate cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury.
Molecular biology reports · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceMitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c targets SLC7A11 to preserve spermatogenesis by suppressing ferroptosis.
Free radical biology & medicine · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceMOTS-c attenuates cardiac dysfunction following high altitude exposure by promoting mitophagy.
Free radical biology & medicine · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceMOTS-c Protects Against Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury through the MAPK Signaling Pathway.
Protein and peptide letters · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceTherapeutic Effects of MOTS-c in the Valproic Acid-Induced Autism Model in Rats: Role of Tetrahydrobiopterin and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor.
Molecular neurobiology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceMitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c alleviates hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonatal mice by activating Nrf2 pathway.
European journal of pharmacology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceMOTS-c improves intrinsic muscle mitochondrial bioenergetic health and efficiency in a PGC-1α/AMPK-dependent manner.
Free radical biology & medicine · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceMOTS-c is a mitochondrial-encoded interferon-linked host defense peptide.
eLife · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceMitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c prevents pancreatic islet cell senescence to delay diabetes.
Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceMOTS-c modulates pancreatic islet function in rats and pigs in vitro.
Histochemistry and cell biology · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceMitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c restores mitochondrial respiration in type 2 diabetic heart.
Frontiers in physiology · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceMOTS-c mimics exercise to combat diabetic liver fibrosis by targeting Keap1-Nrf2-Smad2/3.
Scientific reports · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceMOTS-c attenuates airway barrier dysfunction in allergic asthma by inhibiting epithelial apoptosis via Nrf2 pathway.
International immunopharmacology · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceMOTS-c relieves hepatocellular carcinoma resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis under hypoxic conditions by activating MEF2A.
Experimental cell research · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceThe impact of mitokine MOTS-c administration on the soleus muscle of rats subjected to a 7-day hindlimb suspension.
Journal of muscle research and cell motility · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceMOTS-c attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction induces pyroptosis and cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis via an Nrf2-Dependent Mechanism.
Free radical biology & medicine · 2025
- Studied in worms or fishCharacterization of the Avian Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c and Its Potential Role as a Metabolic Regulator.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025
- Lab dish studyMOTS-c partially protects against skeletal muscle deterioration in C26 cachexia.
Frontiers in medicine · 2026
- Lab dish studyMitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c activates metabolic signaling but blunts reparative function in human mesenchymal stromal cells.
Inflammation and regeneration · 2026
- Lab dish studyMOTS-c attenuates hyperoxia-induced neonatal cardiac injury by inhibiting oxeiptosis via maintaining the KEAP1-PGAM5 interaction.
Life sciences · 2026
- Lab dish studyLAT1-mediated delivery of engineered R13A-MOTS-c attenuates radiation-induced lung injury via Nrf2 activation and mitochondrial protection.
Redox biology · 2026
- Hypothesis, not a tested studyMOTS-c: How a secreted mitochondrial microprotein may become a potential treatment for inflammatory lung diseases.
Journal of translational medicine · 2026
- MOTS-c Coordinates Inter-Organellar Proteostasis for Adaptation to Chronic Metabolic Stress
2026
- MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, ameliorates lysosomal membrane permeability and improves survival of soft tissue transplantation.
Autophagy · 2026
- Mitochondrial-derived peptides MOTS-c and humanin attenuate dexamethasone-induced atrophy in human skeletal muscle cells.
Physiological reports · 2026
- Aerobic exercise and MOTS-c attenuate diabetic myocardial fibrosis via inhibition of the THBS1/TGF-β signaling pathway.
Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedMOTS-c mediates remote ischemic preconditioning-induced protection against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury via NRF2-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis.
Chinese medical journal · 2026
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedA Mighty Mitochondrial Microprotein: The Protective Role of MOTS-c in Acute Lung Injury.
American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2025
- Redefining Mitochondrial Therapy for ME/CFS: The Case for MOTS-c
2025
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedMOTS-c: Magical Molecule for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy?
Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2025
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedMitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c and its role in OSA pathogenesis: a potential therapeutic target?
Sleep and biological rhythms · 2025
- MOTS-c Promotes Glycolysis via AMPK-HIF-1α-PFKFB3 Pathway to Ameliorate Cardiopulmonary Bypass-induced Lung Injury.
American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2025
- Review of earlier workExogenous MOTS-c mitigates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: experimental and in silico evidence from rat heart models.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026
- Review of earlier workMOTS-c in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and translational potential.
European journal of pharmacology · 2026
- Review of earlier workInsights into the Biomarker Potential of Humanin and Mots-c Expression and Telomere Length in Alzheimer's Disease.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
- Review of earlier workMOTS-c in type 2 diabetes mellitus: From risk factors to cardiac complications and potential treatment.
Life sciences · 2025
Spot an error? corrections@peptidesearch.org
What has happened so far
- 23 July 2026503A
FDA proposed that MOTS-c NOT be included on the 503A Bulks List. FDA noted cell and animal findings, some human physiology research, and a registered clinical trial with no posted outcomes at the time of review.
FDA briefing documentnot yet verified against primary source
- 23 July 2026503A
The committee voted 7-5 with two abstentions to recommend MOTS-c for the 503A Bulks List, against FDA staff's recommendation. Advisory only.
7–5, 2 abstained
Press reportnot yet verified against primary source
- 16 April 2026503A
FDA published a Federal Register notice announcing a Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting for July 23-24, 2026 at the White Oak campus, to consider seven peptides for the 503A Bulks List.
Federal Registernot yet verified against primary source