LL-37
Animal studies onlyGet notified when the evidence changes.
Almost all the research is in animals. We do not know if the same thing happens in people.
Compiled and reviewed by the PeptideSearch Editorial Team · Status checked 2026-04-15
Also called hCAP18 / Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide
A natural germ-fighting peptide the immune system makes. Studied for infections and wound healing.
Official status: 503A Category 2 – significant safety risk · Checked 2026-04-15
Can a doctor prescribe this?
- Small pharmacy (503A)
- Never put forward to FDA
- Large outsourcing facility (503B)
- Never put forward to FDA
Still restricted. The FDA has said it plans to review this one by February 2027.
503A is a pharmacy making a single prescription for one patient. 503B is a facility making batches. They are governed by separate lists. Where a category is shown, it is a position on the FDA's list of substances that have been put forward and are still being worked through — not the final list, which is set by rulemaking. Category 1 means the FDA does not plan to act against a pharmacy that makes it while the review runs.
Lab suppliers we list: 9
Doses used in research
Taken word for word from the studies and trials listed on this page. This is not a recommendation and not a dose for anyone to take.
This is a sample, not the whole literature.
About 32,000 papers mentioning this compound have been published. We show a selected sample of 92 of them, not the full literature. How we choose them · count checked 2026-08-23
- Study in peopleAcute effects of continuous and interval cycling on salivary SIgA and anti-microbial peptide secretions: a randomized crossover trial.
European journal of applied physiology · 2026
- Study in peopleAssessing the Safety and Probiotic Potential of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BI45: A Comprehensive Study from Genomic Analysis to Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in Healthy Adults.
Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026
- Study in peopleLimosilactobacillus fermentum LF61: A multidimensional study on safety and functionality from genomics to clinical application.
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2026
- Study in peoplePrecision synbiotic intervention with 2'-fucosyllactose and infant-derived <i>Bifidobacterium</i> modulates gut-immune axis and reduces disease risk in toddlers: a randomized controlled trial.
Frontiers in nutrition · 2026
- Study in peopleThe Immunomodulatory Activity of High Doses of Vitamin D in Critical Care Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia-A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Nutrients · 2025
- Study in peopleA comparative exploration of immunohistochemical markers in patients with papulopustular rosacea undergoing treatment with oral isotretinoin versus doxycycline.
International journal of dermatology · 2025
- Study in peopleOutcomes of High-Dose Versus Low-Dose Vitamin D on Prognosis of Sepsis Requiring Mechanical Ventilation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Journal of intensive care medicine · 2024
- Study in peopleWeekly Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Acute Respiratory Infections in Young Children at Different Latitudes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
The Journal of pediatrics · 2024
- Study in peopleAcute salivary antimicrobial peptide secretion response to different exercise intensities and durations.
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2024
- Study in peopleEffect of weekly vitamin D supplementation on the severity of atopic dermatitis and type 2 immunity biomarkers in children: A randomized controlled trial.
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV · 2024
- Study in peopleEfficacy of LL-37 cream in enhancing healing of diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.
Archives of dermatological research · 2023
- Study in peopleReduction of Erythema in Moderate-Severe Rosacea by a Low Molecular Weight Heparan Sulfate Analog (HSA).
Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD · 2023
- Study in peopleEfficacy and safety of Oral LL-37 against the Omicron BA.5.1.3 variant of SARS-COV-2: A randomized trial.
Journal of medical virology · 2023
- Study in peopleComparison of frailty in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease and bronchiectasis: a prospective cohort study.
BMC pulmonary medicine · 2022
- Study in peopleEvaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: A multicentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society · 2021
- Study in peopleSeasonal Antimicrobial Activity of the Airway: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Trial.
Nutrients · 2020
- Study in peopleSerum level of cathelicidin LL-37 in patients with active tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.
Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents · 2017
- Study in peopleCirculating cathelicidin LL-37 in adult patients with pulmonary infectious diseases.
Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale · 2017
- Study in peoplePrenatal vitamin D₃ supplementation suppresses LL-37 peptide expression in ex vivo activated neonatal macrophages but not their killing capacity.
The British journal of nutrition · 2014
- Study in peopleTreatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society · 2014
- Study in peopleOral intake of phenylbutyrate with or without vitamin D3 upregulates the cathelicidin LL-37 in human macrophages: a dose finding study for treatment of tuberculosis.
BMC pulmonary medicine · 2013
- Study in peopleVitamin D status and antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37) concentrations in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis.
The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2010
- Data from people, not a trial[Evaluation of Serum LL-37 Levels in Patients with Brucellosis and Their Relationship with Clinical Course].
Mikrobiyoloji bulteni · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialEvaluation of the relationship between salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans, statherin, and cathelicidin LL-37 and early childhood caries.
BMC oral health · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialSalivary cathelicidin LL-37 as a non-invasive biomarker for oral cancer detection.
Bioinformation · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialPlasma levels of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 as a biomarker of sleep quality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A clinical observational study.
PloS one · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialInteraction between vitamin D insufficiency and periodontitis, GCF vitamin D and LL-37 levels in well-controlled diabetes patients with periodontitis.
European oral research · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialThe antibacterial effect of human adipose-derived stem cells on LL-37-resistant bacteria.
PloS one · 2025
- Data from people, not a trial<i>Legionella pneumophila</i>-Induced NETs Do Not Bear LL-37 Peptides.
Microorganisms · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceCalmodulin-tagging prevents aggregation and facilitates the proteolytic release of the recombinant human cathelicidin LL-37 by accommodating its hydrophobic regions.
International journal of biological macromolecules · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceEffects of Botulinum Toxin A on Rosacea-Like Inflammation in an LL-37-Induced Rosacea Mouse Model.
Annals of dermatology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceImmunomodulatory Effects of Poly-D,L-Lactic Acid on LL-37-Driven Rosacea-like Inflammation via Suppression of mTORC1 Signaling.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceCombined nonoxynol-9 and antimicrobial peptide LL-37 for barrier contraception.
Reproduction & fertility · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceSerine protease HtrA promotes <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> intestinal colonization through degrading antimicrobial peptide LL-37.
Science advances · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceLL-37-derived peptide shows promising antimicrobial potential against multidrug-resistance pathogens.
European journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceInjectable self-healing hydrogel loaded with a self-assembling LL-37 derivative for treating infected skin wounds.
International journal of pharmaceutics · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceTargeted delivery of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 via ferritin fusion improves antibacterial and anti-inflammatory outcomes in a murine sepsis model.
International journal of biological macromolecules · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceLL-37 and citrullinated-LL-37 modulate IL-17A/F-mediated responses and selectively suppress Lipocalin-2 in bronchial epithelial cells.
Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2025
- Animal study, rats or miceCitrullination alters immunomodulatory function of LL-37 essential for prevention of endotoxin-induced sepsis.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2014
- Animal study, rats or miceThe role of the Src family kinase Lyn in the immunomodulatory activities of cathelicidin peptide LL-37 on monocytic cells.
Journal of leukocyte biology · 2012
- Studied in worms or fishAntimicrobial peptide CAP18 as a natural alternative to antibiotics: effects on gut health, immunity, and meat quality in broiler chickens.
BMC veterinary research · 2026
- Lab dish studyHost antimicrobial peptide LL-37 inhibits CovS kinase activity and antagonizes CovR-Mediated activation in group A Streptococcus.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 2026
- Lab dish studyRole of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase in mast cell driven urothelial barrier injury in an LL-37 induced model of interstitial cystitis.
Scientific reports · 2026
- Lab dish studyCancer cell migration under control of human cathelicidin LL-37.
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2026
- Lab dish studyDivision-arrest induced filamentation protects uropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> from killing by the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37
2026
- Lab dish studyA degradable hydrogel scaffold incorporating the LL-37 for gingival soft tissue regeneration.
Regenerative biomaterials · 2026
- Lab dish studyLL-37 inhibits osteosarcoma progression by suppressing SQLE-mediated cholesterol synthesis via the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway.
Journal of bone oncology · 2026
- Lab dish studyCombinatorial therapy of LL-37 and ADSCs accelerates diabetic wound repair by orchestrating NRROS-mediated crosstalk between TGF-β/SMAD and hippo/TEAD1 axes.
Cytokine · 2026
- Lab dish studyLL-37 selectively targets Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes and exhibits antimalarial activity.
PLoS pathogens · 2026
- Lab dish studyCathelicidin LL-37 inhibits angiogenesis and migration in gastric cancer via inhibition of NF-κB/IL-6 signaling.
Histology and histopathology · 2026
- Lab dish studyDermofunctional Vehicle Downregulates LL-37 and MMPs and Upregulates IGFBP-3.
Current issues in molecular biology · 2025
- Melanoma exosomal hsa-miR-221-5p suppresses keratinocyte LL-37 to promote tumor progression.
Cell reports · 2026
- β-Amyloid (Aβ) and Human Cathelicidin LL-37: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
- LL-37: Biological Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Applications in Intestinal Disease.
Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026
- LL-37 and citrullinated-LL-37 enhances oxylipins: citrullination attenuates LL-37-mediated COX-2-dependent chemokine response in human bronchial epithelial cells.
Respiratory research · 2026
- Exploring the role of cathelicidin LL-37 and ceragenins in wound healing processes.
European journal of pharmacology · 2026
- How cholesterol modulates LL-37 function: A biophysical study in eukaryotic-like membrane systems.
Biophysical chemistry · 2026
- DAPEG-Modified Analogs of Human Cathelicidin LL-37: Enhanced Proteolytic Stability and Selective Modulation of Neutrophil Degranulation
2026
- Human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 compacts nucleic acids and alters neutrophil extracellular trap structure.
Scientific reports · 2026
- Heteroaggregation of Antimicrobial Peptides LL-37 and HNP‑1 Drives Cooperative Neutralization of Cytotoxicity.
JACS Au · 2026
- LL-37 IgG levels are associated with clinical characteristics and T follicular cell response in acute coronary syndrome in adults.
Physiological reports · 2026
- Aggregation-State Dynamics Drive Double Cooperativity Between Antimicrobial Peptides LL-37 and HNP1.
Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026
- Exposure to the antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and ATRA-1 induces a lipidome response in Staphylococcus aureus that alters membrane biophysical properties.
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes · 2026
- Molecular interaction modes of the host-defense peptide cathelicidin LL-37 and its mutants dictate diverse antimicrobial activities.
Nanoscale · 2026
- No abstract available, not yet classifiedComparing the genetic and serum expression of LL-37 Antimicrobial Peptide in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus patients.
Anais brasileiros de dermatologia · 2026
- Structural determinants of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides as LL-37 inhibitors in breast cancer.
Glycobiology · 2026
- Influence of N- and O-glycosylation on structural properties and biological activity of a C-terminal LL-37 fragment.
Carbohydrate research · 2026
- Adaptive immune response to the autoantigen LL-37 differentiates atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease phenotypes.
Clinical & translational immunology · 2026
- RNA selectively modulates activity of virulent amyloid PSMα3 and host-defense LL-37 via phase separation and aggregation dynamics.
eLife · 2026
- Exposure to the antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and ATRA-1 induces a lipidome response in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> that alters membrane biophysical properties
2026
- Investigation of Regulation and Binding Patterns of the Human Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37 in Complexation with Nucleic Acids, and its Impact on Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
2026
- Single Amino Acid Modulates Antimicrobial Peptide Cooperativity between LL-37 and HNP1.
Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2026
- Autoimmune neutropenia in children: Test cells versus beads and a role for pro-LL-37 and absolute neutrophil count.
British journal of haematology · 2026
- Coordination chemistry and antimicrobial activity of LL-37, its C-terminal fragment, and a peptidomimetic analogue.
Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003) · 2026
- Elevated LL-37/FPR2 Axis and its Regulatory Role for Gingival Fibroblasts in Periodontitis.
International dental journal · 2025
- LL-37 and citrullinated-LL-37 enhance disparate oxylipins: LL-37-mediated chemokine response is dependent on COX-2 and the P2X <sub>7</sub> receptor in human bronchial epithelial cells
2025
- Decoding LL-37: Structure and antimicrobial mechanisms against microbial threats.
Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2025
- Increased cathelicidin LL-37 colonic expression is associated with tumor progression in colorectal cancer.
Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society · 2025
- Human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry · 2025
- <i>LL-37</i> as a biomarker for therapeutic response to scaling and root planing.
Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology · 2025
- LL-37 promotes neutrophil extracellular trap formation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.
Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2019
- Human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein 18 (hCAP18/LL-37) is increased in foetal membranes and myometrium after spontaneous labour and delivery.
Journal of reproductive immunology · 2015
- Favorable interleukin-8 induction in human gingival epithelial cells by the antimicrobial peptide LL-37.
Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology · 2014
- Topical treatment with the vitamin D analogue calcipotriol enhances the upregulation of the antimicrobial protein hCAP18/LL-37 during wounding in human skin in vivo.
Experimental dermatology · 2010
- Levels of innate immune factors in genital fluids: association of alpha defensins and LL-37 with genital infections and increased HIV acquisition.
AIDS (London, England) · 2009
- Review of earlier work<em>In Vivo</em> Efficacy of LL-37 and Its Derivative Peptides Against Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2026
- Review of earlier workLL-37 and bacterial DNA complexes in dental plaque: Implications for biofilm structure, innate immunity, and periodontal pathogenesis.
Journal of oral biosciences · 2026
- Review of earlier workLL-37-ApoB-100 Complex Serves as a Biomarker of Coronary Artery Disease.
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026
- Review of earlier workLL-37 antimicrobial peptide: Molecular characterisation and its role in oral health and disease-A narrative review.
Archives of oral biology · 2026
- Review of earlier workOvercoming LPS-mediated resistance in gram-negative pathogens: a review of LL-37 analogs and computational design strategies.
Archives of microbiology · 2026
- Review of earlier workLL-37-based oral antimicrobial therapeutics: translational challenges and future directions-a narrative review.
Odontology · 2026
- Review of earlier workAntimicrobial Peptides of the Cathelicidin Family: Focus on LL-37 and Its Modifications.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
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