Exenatide
Approved medicineGet notified when the evidence changes.
The FDA has approved a version of this as a medicine, so it has been through large studies in people.
Compiled and reviewed by the PeptideSearch Editorial Team · Status checked 2026-08-04
Also called Byetta / Bydureon / Exendin-4 / AC2993
The first approved GLP-1 drug. Originally found in the saliva of the Gila monster lizard.
Official status: Not nominated for 503A compounding · Checked 2026-08-04
Can a doctor prescribe this?
- Small pharmacy (503A)
- Never put forward to FDA
- Large outsourcing facility (503B)
- Never put forward to FDA
Approved and prescription-only.
503A is a pharmacy making a single prescription for one patient. 503B is a facility making batches. They are governed by separate lists. Where a category is shown, it is a position on the FDA's list of substances that have been put forward and are still being worked through — not the final list, which is set by rulemaking. Category 1 means the FDA does not plan to act against a pharmacy that makes it while the review runs.
Doses used in research
Taken word for word from the studies and trials listed on this page. This is not a recommendation and not a dose for anyone to take.
This is a sample, not the whole literature.
About 17,000 papers mentioning this compound have been published. We show a selected sample of 109 of them, not the full literature. How we choose them · count checked 2026-08-23
- Study in peopleGlucose-lowering in type 2 diabetes may be mediated by improved proinsulin processing without better β-cell compensation.
American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2026
- Study in peopleAn experimental medicine protocol for exploring the haemodynamic effects of dual agonism at the glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor in healthy subjects.
British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026
- Study in peopleMeal Replacement Therapy for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Adolescents with Severe Obesity.
Childhood obesity (Print) · 2026
- Study in peopleEffects of insulin and exenatide therapy on glycemic control and β-cell function in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and severe hyperglycemia.
Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2026
- Study in peopleGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonist vs. Placebo and Pulmonary Decline After Open-Heart Surgery: A Substudy of the GLORIOUS Randomised Clinical Trial.
Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · 2026
- Study in peopleExenatide induces an enhanced endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 secretory response in patients receiving basal insulin.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026
- Study in peopleA validated, modifiable proteomic score from the EXSCEL trial predicts cardiovascular events in diabetes.
JCI insight · 2026
- Study in peopleIncretin Hormones GLP-1 and GIP Normalize Energy Utilization and Reduce Inflammation in the Brain in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: From Repurposed GLP-1 Receptor Agonists to Novel Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists as Potential Disease-Modifying Therapies.
CNS drugs · 2025
- Study in peopleQualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Noninvasive Diagnosis of Insulinoma Using [18F]FB(ePEG12)12-Exendin-4 PET/CT.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025
- Study in peopleImpact of changes in conventional risk factors induced by once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes: an EXSCEL post hoc analysis.
Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025
- Study in peopleEffect of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide on pro-inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers in individuals with alcohol use disorder: Post hoc results from a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2025
- Study in peopleProteomic pathways across the ejection fraction spectrum in patients with heart failure and diabetes mellitus: an EXSCEL trial substudy.
Scientific reports · 2025
- Study in peopleEffects of acute GLP-1 analogue infusion on the glycemic and neurohormonal responses to meal test in non- hypoglycemic subjects after gastric bypass.
Endocrine · 2025
- Study in peopleExenatide Once Weekly in the Treatment of Patients with Multiple System Atrophy.
Annals of neurology · 2025
- Study in peopleBlood phosphatidylethanol measurements indicate GLP-1 receptor stimulation causes delayed decreases in alcohol consumption.
Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2025
- Study in peopleExenatide for diagnosing endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over proof-of-principle study.
European journal of endocrinology · 2025
- Study in peopleEfficacy of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonist Exenatide in Patients Undergoing CABG or Aortic Valve Replacement: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial.
Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions · 2025
- Study in peopleGlycemic and non-glycemic benefits of initial triple therapy versus sequential add-on therapy in patients with new-onset diabetes: results from the EDICT study.
BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2025
- Study in peopleExenatide once a week versus placebo as a potential disease-modifying treatment for people with Parkinson's disease in the UK: a phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
Lancet (London, England) · 2025
- Study in peopleA double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of exenatide for the treatment of olanzapine-related weight gain in obese and overweight adults.
Journal of affective disorders · 2025
- Study in peopleOsteoprotegerin, Osteopontin, and Osteocalcin Are Associated With Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes: Insights From EXSCEL.
Diabetes care · 2025
- Study in peopleLong-acting exenatide does not prevent cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment: a proof-of-concept clinical trial.
Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2024
- Study in peopleThe effect of GLP-1RA exenatide on idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a randomized clinical trial.
Brain : a journal of neurology · 2023
- Study in peopleThe effects of exenatide and insulin glargine treatments on bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in postmenopausal patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Medicine · 2023
- Study in peopleEffects of exenatide on coronary stent's endothelialization in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. The Rebuild study.
Cardiovascular diabetology · 2023
- Study in peopleExenatide once weekly for alcohol use disorder investigated in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
JCI insight · 2022
- Study in peopleEfficacy and Safety of Once-Weekly Semaglutide Versus Exenatide ER in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN 3): A 56-Week, Open-Label, Randomized Clinical Trial.
Diabetes care · 2018
- Study in peopleEffects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.
The New England journal of medicine · 2017
- Study in peopleExenatide once weekly versus placebo in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Lancet (London, England) · 2017
- Study in peopleExenatide once weekly plus dapagliflozin once daily versus exenatide or dapagliflozin alone in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy (DURATION-8): a 28 week, multicentre, double-blind, phase 3, randomised controlled trial.
The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2016
- Study in peopleGLP-1 receptor activation modulates appetite- and reward-related brain areas in humans.
Diabetes · 2014
- Study in peopleEfficacy and safety of dulaglutide added onto pioglitazone and metformin versus exenatide in type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (AWARD-1).
Diabetes care · 2014
- Study in peopleExenatide once weekly versus liraglutide once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-6): a randomised, open-label study.
Lancet (London, England) · 2013
- Study in peopleExenatide and the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease.
The Journal of clinical investigation · 2013
- Study in peopleGLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2012
- Study in peopleEfficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus metformin, pioglitazone, and sitagliptin used as monotherapy in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-4): a 26-week double-blind study.
Diabetes care · 2012
- Study in peopleExenatide reduces reperfusion injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
European heart journal · 2012
- Study in peopleUse of twice-daily exenatide in Basal insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial.
Annals of internal medicine · 2011
- Study in peopleDURATION-5: exenatide once weekly resulted in greater improvements in glycemic control compared with exenatide twice daily in patients with type 2 diabetes.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2011
- Study in peopleEfficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus sitagliptin or pioglitazone as an adjunct to metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes (DURATION-2): a randomised trial.
Lancet (London, England) · 2010
- Study in peopleOnce weekly exenatide compared with insulin glargine titrated to target in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-3): an open-label randomised trial.
Lancet (London, England) · 2010
- Study in peopleDURATION-1: exenatide once weekly produces sustained glycemic control and weight loss over 52 weeks.
Diabetes care · 2010
- Study in peopleLiraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6).
Lancet (London, England) · 2009
- Study in peopleOne-year treatment with exenatide improves beta-cell function, compared with insulin glargine, in metformin-treated type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, controlled trial.
Diabetes care · 2009
- Study in peopleExenatide once weekly versus twice daily for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority study.
Lancet (London, England) · 2008
- Study in peopleExenatide effects on diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 years.
Current medical research and opinion · 2008
- Study in peopleEfficacy and tolerability of exenatide monotherapy over 24 weeks in antidiabetic drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.
Clinical therapeutics · 2008
- Study in peopleEffects of exenatide versus sitagliptin on postprandial glucose, insulin and glucagon secretion, gastric emptying, and caloric intake: a randomized, cross-over study.
Current medical research and opinion · 2008
- Study in peopleEffects of once-weekly dosing of a long-acting release formulation of exenatide on glucose control and body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes care · 2007
- Study in peopleThe effect of adding exenatide to a thiazolidinedione in suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.
Annals of internal medicine · 2007
- Study in peopleA comparison of twice-daily exenatide and biphasic insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes who were suboptimally controlled with sulfonylurea and metformin: a non-inferiority study.
Diabetologia · 2007
- Study in peopleInterim analysis of the effects of exenatide treatment on A1C, weight and cardiovascular risk factors over 82 weeks in 314 overweight patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2006
- Study in peopleEffects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea.
Diabetes care · 2005
- Study in peopleExenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.
Annals of internal medicine · 2005
- Study in peopleEffects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes care · 2005
- Study in peoplePharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists · 2005
- Study in peopleEffects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes care · 2004
- Data from people, not a trialExendin-4 averts all-trans-retinal-driven damage to photoreceptors and the retina via the GLP-1R/PKA/CREB1 signaling axis.
Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialExendin-4 improves neurodevelopmental outcome after neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage.
Cell death & disease · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialIrisin may be involved in exendin-4 mitochondrial action in human adipocytes.
Archives of medical science : AMS · 2026
- Data from people, not a trialClass-Wide Disproportionate Reporting of Impaired Gastric Emptying Across Nine Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Products: A Signal-Detection Analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System
2026
- Data from people, not a trialRisk factors for bone fractures in type 2 diabetes and the impact of once-weekly exenatide: insights from an EXSCEL post-hoc analysis.
Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2025
- Data from people, not a trialMortality and Serious Adverse Events Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A Pharmacovigilance Study Using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.
Cureus · 2024
- Data from people, not a trialEfficacy of Exenatide Administered Twice Daily in Body Mass Index Reduction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
International journal of clinical practice · 2022
- Animal study, rats or miceGLP-1 and Alcohol-Related Behaviors: Insights From Preclinical Studies.
Biological psychiatry · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceAcute glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide, attenuates cue-, drug-, and stress-induced fentanyl seeking in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
Behavioural pharmacology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceA glucose-responsive dual-nanoparticle-hydrogel-based microneedle patch for co-delivery of insulin and exendin-4.
Biomaterials science · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceEffects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist on Bone Metabolism and the Expression of Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 in an Osteoporotic Rat Model.
International journal of endocrinology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceBroad glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor distribution enhances glutamatergic transmission throughout the mouse cerebellar cortex.
Neuropharmacology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceThe glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, Ex4, reduces intromission in sexually experienced male mice.
Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceIgG Fc-Binding Motif-Conjugated Exendin-4: A Long-Acting Hypoglycemic Agent via Broad-Spectrum Antibody Engagement for Type 2 Diabetes Therapy.
Bioconjugate chemistry · 2026
- Animal study, rats or miceExendin-4 improves high glucose-induced mitochondrial dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells via PKA/Drp1 signaling.
The Journal of endocrinology · 2026
- Horse studyEffect of a GLP-1 mimetic on the insulin response to oral sugar testing in horses.
BMC veterinary research · 2022
- Animal study, rats or miceTesting the effects of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide on cocaine self-administration and subjective responses in humans with cocaine use disorder.
Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021
- Animal study, rats or miceExendin-4 stimulates both beta-cell replication and neogenesis, resulting in increased beta-cell mass and improved glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.
Diabetes · 1999
- Lab dish studyFormulation and characterization of exenatide-loaded PLGA microspheres prepared by coacervation.
Drug delivery and translational research · 2026
- Lab dish studyExendin-4 alleviates Aβ1-40-induced apoptosis and calcium dysregulation in RPE cells through the CHP1/NHE1 complex.
Biochemical pharmacology · 2026
- Lab dish studyThe effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on sympathetic neuron activity.
Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026
- Studied in plants, bacteria or fungi, not animalsEngineering Marker-Free Lettuce Chloroplast Genome to Express Functional Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Exenatide and Lixisenatide.
Plant biotechnology journal · 2026
- Drug information page, not a studyExenatide
2006
- Serial assessment of NT-proBNP and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy in type 2 diabetes: Insights from EXSCEL.
American heart journal · 2026
- GLP-1R and GIPR crosstalk modulates insulinotropic signaling pathways.
Cell chemical biology · 2026
- Changes in β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity During Treatment With Dapagliflozin Alone or in Combination With Exenatide in Type 2 Diabetes.
Diabetes care · 2025
- Exenatide and glucagon co-infusion increases myocardial glucose uptake and improves markers of diastolic dysfunction in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Scientific reports · 2025
- Cardiovascular outcomes with exenatide in type 2 diabetes according to ejection fraction: The EXSCEL trial.
European journal of heart failure · 2025
- Exploring Predictors of Treatment Response to GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Smoking Cessation.
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025
- Effect of glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist exenatide, used as an intracranial pressure lowering agent, on cognition in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.
Eye (London, England) · 2024
- Are the cardiovascular properties of GLP-1 receptor agonists differentially modulated by sulfonylureas? Insights from post-hoc analysis of EXSCEL.
Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2024
- Effects of short-acting exenatide added three times daily to insulin therapy on bone metabolism in type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022
- GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes - state-of-the-art.
Molecular metabolism · 2021
- Synthetic exendin-4 (exenatide) significantly reduces postprandial and fasting plasma glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2003
- Review of earlier workPulmonary adverse events associated with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review of respiratory safety signals.
Cardiovascular diabetology. Endocrinology reports · 2026
- Review of earlier workGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in movement disorders: From Parkinson's disease to the broader spectrum - Mechanisms, evidence, and future directions.
Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2026
- Review of earlier workIncretin-Based Therapies in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Systematic Review of GLP-1 and Dual GIP/GLP-1 Agonists.
Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026
- Review of earlier workGLP-1 and GIP class drugs have neuroprotective properties in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026
- Review of earlier workEffect of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026
- Review of earlier workSearching for New Pharmacological Treatments of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): Focus on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
- Review of earlier work[An historical overview of GLP-1/GIP incretins. From hormone to "swiss-army knife" medications].
Biologie aujourd'hui · 2026
- Review of earlier workGlucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY multi-agonism with GEP44 to optimize weight loss and glycemic control while reducing gastrointestinal side effects: the future of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy?
Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026
- Review of earlier workAdvances in GLP-1 receptor agonists delivery systems for obesity and diabetes.
Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026
- Review of earlier workResearch hotspots and trends of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: a bibliometric analysis.
Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026
- Review of earlier workFrom Gila Monster Venom to Dermatology: The History of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists.
Clinics in dermatology · 2026
- Review of earlier workExendin-4 as a multi-target therapy for Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome-induced brain injury.
Frontiers in neurology · 2026
- Review of earlier workAre Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists Central Nervous System (CNS) Penetrant: A Narrative Review.
Neurology and therapy · 2025
- Review of earlier workGLP-1 Signalling as a Therapeutic Avenue in Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Review.
International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
- Review of earlier workA Comprehensive Review on the Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Approved GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and a Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist.
Drug design, development and therapy · 2025
- Review of earlier workGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of opioid use disorders: a systematic review.
Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2025
- Review of earlier workSafety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and immunogenicity profiles of Exendin-4-IgG4-Fc in healthy subjects: A phase 1, single-centre, randomized, double-blind, dose escalation study.
Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2024
- Review of earlier workCardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.
The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2021
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